---------------------------数字跃迁:数字化变革的战略与战术---------------------------
善于管理变革者,制之而不受制于之
凡战者,以正合,以奇胜。故善出奇者,无穷如天地,不竭如江海。终而复始,日月是也。
——《孙子兵法》
技术创新很多时候是跳跃式的,电灯的发明不是从对油灯的优化而来,对马车的优化也很难带来汽车的发明。同样地,组织在渐进发展的基础上必然也需要有跳跃式的改变才能进入全新的轨道。
21世纪给人类带来了新的变化速度。新的力量正在全球范围内扩散,塑造人类文化,改变我们之前熟悉的方法、趋势和观点。这些力量以数字力量为首,定下了一个时代的基调。我们发现组织的跳跃式发展和量子跃迁(quantum leap)有诸多相通之处。在微观的量子世界里,电子在固定的轨道上绕着原子旋转,当接收到光子带来的能量之后,电子会跃迁到更高的轨道上。在宏观的人类世界里,给组织带来能量的就是数字力量。通过数字化转型,组织可以跃迁到新的轨道上进而实现伟大的变革。
这股数字力量让很多传统组织成功跃迁为时代的宠儿,同时让很多国家和企业前途未卜。以ABCD (A代表人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI);B代表区块链(blockchain);C代表云计算(cloud computing);
D代表数据分析(data analytics))为首字母的数字化在各种组织中扩张,并改变和征服了我们生活中的各个领域。
数字化给人们带来了无穷的想象空间。无论是组织还是个人,都想在这个浪潮中跃迁进入新的轨道。随之而来,每个人都需要面对的是如何找到令组织和个人跃迁的能量。本书提供了对这一重要商业变革的一种解读,并从战略和战术层面给组织与个人指出如何应对这场变革。当下的每个人都是这条变革道路上的漫游者,必须自己掌控命运的车轮。在此背景下,在个人、组织和国家层面上,人们到底如何展开自己的数字旅程呢?
我们三个作者在很早以前便开始了在数字星系的个人旅程。我们每个人都在计算机、信息技术、经济管理学等不同的领域中学习、工作、研究和教学:拉兹·海飞门担任Optrotech、Bezeq、Direct Insurance和以色列政府信息通信技术管理局等组织的IT部门经理;习移山教授是特拉维夫大学、以色列理工学院、香港中文大学的研究员和教授以及i8 Ventures的创始人和首席执行官;张晓泉教授在美国和中国都有创业经历,是香港中文大学商学院的终身教授和副院长,是麻省理工学院数字经济研究中心和欧洲经济研究中心的研究员,是北京大学光华管理学院的特聘教授,并担任招商证券的顾问和寺库公司的独立董事。
商业战略、创新和数字技术之间日益紧密的联系令我们心驰神往,促成了我们富有成效和令人愉快的长期合作。我们共同开发了一门商学院的课程——“创新技术的战略价值”(Strategic Value of Innovation Technology,SVIT)。我们在以色列、中国内地和中国香港的许多高等院校给EMBA、MBA、金融财务工商管理硕士和高管研习班开设了这门课程,包括巴伊兰大学工商管理研究生院、以色列理工学院工业工程与管理学院、特拉维夫大学管理学院、Ruppin学术中心、Ono学院、香港中文大学、香港科技大学、清华大学经管学院、上海高级金融学院、深圳高等金融研究院等。
我们希望和读者一起来探讨“数字战略变革”这一令人着迷的现象。我们总结了组织和个人在面临数字化变革时应该考虑的各种场景,并给出了最新的思维范式用以指导和解决在数字化过程中面临的种种问题。管理者如何能跟得上技术的发展而不落后?当他们了解了竞争对手怎么使用人工智能的时候,他们如何知道自己是不是也需要在类似技术上投资?即便他们投入了资源,又如何知道他们的技术革新明天不会过时呢?本书总结了一些行之有效的能够指导实践的行动框架,集中探讨了学术界和业界最新的思考与实践。虽然技术层出不穷,让人眼花缭乱,但是管理者其实可以有一套非常强大的理论和实践体系来应变。管理者首先要熟悉数字力量,然后学习如何控制它。通过这种方式,管理者可以帮助他们所在的组织在其独特的数字化旅程中选择正确的步骤而实现数字跃迁(digital quantum leap)。在我们看来,实现数字战略变革的正确途径是将其视为一段旅程,旅程的目标是让组织的基因适应数字化时代。在这段旅程中,组织将利用数字技术来实现以下各方面的目标:完善业务流程和决策过程,改变经营方式和管理客户关系的方式,在相关渠道提升客户体验,实施创新的商业模式,过渡到灵活和敏捷的工作方法,最终战胜竞争对手。
在撰写本书的过程中,我们有一个基本洞察:在一个不断变化的时代,目标本身是动态的。因此,数字之旅实际上是一个不断变化、学习和与时俱进的旅程,是一个没有预设目的地的旅程。通过不断的数字跃迁,在经历了一段段硕果累累的旅程之后,你个人和你所在的组织也会拥有一个迷人的、充满活力的、不断变化的美好未来。
拉兹·海飞门
习移山教授
. 张晓泉教授
2020年1月完稿于特拉维夫和香港
* 本书所有图片均为张晓泉教授手绘。更多相关内容可参看张晓泉教授的微信公众号“麦教授随笔”。
---------------------------产业数字化转型:战略与实践---------------------------
新一轮科技革命和产业变革背景下,以云计算、大数据、人工智能、区块链等为代表的新一代信息技术发展得如火如荼,以数字化、网络化、智能化为特征的信息化浪潮兴起,加速了信息技术与经济社会各领域、各行业的融合创新,推动全球进入数字经济新时代。为促进我国产业的数字化转型变革,在《传统产业数字化转型的模式和路径》研究报告(2018年发布)的基础上,在戴尔科技集团的支持下,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院课题组从2019年6月开始了本书的写作工作,总结当前产业数字化转型发展现状及主要问题,站在战略高度,从发展规律出发,借鉴不同国家、不同行业数字化转型的模式和路径,提出一系列科学且操作性强的战略和指导政策,并给出具体实践。
本书分为总报告和专题报告,总报告对中国产业数字化转型的战略和政策进行了整体研究,专题报告则分别选取了汽车、物流和医疗三大行业领域进行了发展路径和模式研究。总报告又分为理论篇和实践篇,理论篇从产业数字化转型的内涵与外延、理论机理、战略理念、贡献测算、评价指标等方面入手,实践篇从产业数字化转型的国际经验、国内现状、发展思路、主要任务、政策建议等方面入手,对中国产业数字化转型2.0进行了深入、全面的研究。同时,本书也是课题组2018年发布的《传统产业数字化转型的模式和路径》的认知升级版,对一年多来中国产业数字化转型发展的阶段性变化及未来趋势提出了认识和系统的思考,期望能为国内产业数字化转型提供一些思路和建议。
本书体现的重要认识和结论如下:
产业数字化转型是借助新一代信息技术实现更高效的业务流程、更完善的客户体验、更广阔的价值创造的必然途径。本书构建了一套新的产业数字化转型战略体系,这是以“新基建”和发展数字经济的新的管理制度为基石,以“数字技术—新经济模式—新社会治理”为驱动力,最终实现未来产业发展模式的愿景,实现产业数字化转型的“2基—3力—1愿景”战略体系。产业数字化转型的核心特征包括:(1)数据成为新的生产要素;(2)消费者需求成为商业模式的新动力;
(3)快速、敏捷、开放成为产业运行新常态;(4)“软件定义一切”成为产业价值创造的新抓手;(5)XaaS成为产业数字化转型新范式。
现阶段,我国产业数字化转型对经济发展发挥了巨大作用。在宏观层面,经测算,2018年我国ICT资本存量对经济增长率的贡献率为63%,美国同期的贡献率为74%;我国ICT资本存量对生产效率提升显著,对我国TFP增长的贡献率为52%,高出非ICT资本29%的贡献率。在产业层面,本书从技术、经济、社会、“新基建”和数字经济新管理制度“4大维度—13项指标—9项细分指标”的产业数字化转型能力评价指标体系,将产业数字化转型能力划分为“起步级—发展级—提速级—成熟级”4个等级,并认为目前整体产业还处于从数字化转型1.0向2.0迈进的阶段。展望未来,产业数字化转型发展的愿景应是“未来产业”,包括未来制造、未来能源、未来交通、未来医疗、未来服务等。
我国数字化转型正处于政策红利期,数字经济正在成为中国经济高质量发展的重要引擎,产业数字化转型深入推进,细分领域已形成中国特色。但是,国内多数产业数字化转型还停留在单一的技术路径上,数字化核心关键技术能力不足,整体技术架构迭代落后于国外,对于新模式、新业态的创新不足;在人才、新型基础设施建设、数据治理等方面还存在较多短板。
未来要从技术赋能、经济模式变革、社会约束、“新基建”和数字经济新管理制度多方面构建产业数字化转型新体系,改变单一技术路径,实现数字世界、物理世界和人“三位一体”的统一。同时,基于中国国情,沿着具有中国特色的“企业(private)—平台(platform)—政府(public)”的新型PPP数字化转型路径发展,企业、政府和平台三方要充分发挥各自的作用,加快构建大中小企业开放、协同、融合发展的数字化生态格局。
技术发展方面,要继续秉承包容、合作理念,构建开放、开源的技术体系,加快布局云原生IT架构,鼓励多样化技术发展路线,重构管理组织方式;经济变革方面,鼓励平台经济,并推动组织、管理、运营、商业模式等变革,深入挖掘数字化转型带来的业务价值,持续推进新业态、新模式、新产品、新服务的创新,构建以用户为核心的全生命周期管理的经济管理和运行方式,并创新不同的商业模式;社会治理方面,构建人才数字素养和数字能力体系,探索新型人才培养模式,进一步提升数字治理水平,加强数据标准和安全体系建设,积极参与世界数字经济贸易规则制定;在新型基础设施和数字经济新管理制度方面,把握5G建设机遇,推动数字化基础设施建设进程,将传统基础设施的数字化改造作为重点之一,提供产权、制度经济学等基本制度保障,推动物理世界、数字世界和人的可持续发展。
同时,在指导政策方面,要强化顶层设计,加强组织保障;完善政策法规,培育良好环境;注重案例总结,加快示范推广;建设公共平台,推动协同合作;深化全球合作,提升国际影响,完善产业数字化转型的政策环境。
为完成本书,课题组实地走访了50余家企业和科研院所,并以汽车、物流和医疗三大行业作为典型代表,分析产业数字化转型的具体模式和路径。涉及的企业有以下几类:一是数字化转型方案供应商,包括 Pivotal、VMware、达索、西门子、博世、新松机器人自动化有限公司等;二是汽车行业,包括上海汽车城数字中心、沃尔沃汽车亚太区总部–中国研发中心、上海蔚来汽车有限公司、上汽大众汽车公司大众汽车一厂、华晨宝马集团(沈阳)等;三是物流行业,包括京东物流、菜鸟物流、苏宁物流等;四是医疗行业,包括中科软科技(区域卫生信息化)、东软(医院信息化)、腾讯(觅影医疗影像AI+)、阿里等。经过深入的调研和系统的研究,最终形成了体系化、有深度的研究成果。
在写作本书的过程中,戴尔科技集团全球执行副总裁、大中华区总裁黄陈宏博士,戴尔科技集团全球副总裁、大中华区政府事务部总经理周兵,戴尔科技集团全球副总裁、大中华区战略及业务拓展部总经理吴海亮,戴尔科技集团全球副总裁、大中华区商用市场部总经理石峰给予了建设性的指导,王维佳和王涛发挥了课题组织枢纽的作用。中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院副院长张凤研究员和宋大伟特聘研究员给予了全方位的指导和支持,吴静、王晓明两位研究员一起组织、领导,并完成了本书的统稿。参与本书写作的还有刘昌新、侯云仙、孙翊、朱永彬、薛俊波、田园、鹿文亮、鲁鑫、袁钰等研究人员。在此,对给予本书支持的相关企业、专家领导和研究人员一并致以谢意。希望本书能够为我国企业推进数字化转型实践、完善产业数字化转型生态、推动政府制定促进产业数字化转型的政策提供有益的参考。
PREFACE
Against the backdrop of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, a new generation of information technologies represented by cloud computing, big data, AI and blockchain are now developing fast. A rising wave of informatization characterized by digitalization, networking and intelligence has accelerated the integration of information technology with various fields and sectors of economy and society, prompted innovation and pushed the world to enter a new era of digital economy. To promote industrial digital transformation and change in China, the research team of Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences started the research and writing of this book with the support of Dell in June 2019, sum up the current situation and main issues of industrial digital transformation, expound on the modes and paths of digital transformation in different countries and industries from a strategic height, unravel the patterns of industrial digital transformation, and put forward a series of scientific and highly feasible strategic and policy recommendations. It also drew upon the project Research on the Modes and Paths of Digital Transformation of Traditional Industries, which the research team completed in 2018.
This book is divided into two parts: the main report, and thematic reports. The main report presents an overview of the strategy and policies of China抯 industrial digital transformation, while the thematic reports look at the development paths and modes of three major industries: automobile, logistics, and healthcare. The main report is further divided into two parts: the theory part, and the practice part. The theory part adopts the perspectives of conceptual connotation and extension, theoretical mechanism, strategic thinking, contribution metrics and index evaluation of industrial digital transformation, and the practice part starts with the global experience, Chinese situation, development ideas, main tasks and policy recommendations of industrial digital transformation and conducts comprehensive and in-depth research on Industrial Digital Transformation 2.0 in China. Meanwhile, this book also comes as an upgraded version of the Research on the Modes and Paths of Digital Transformation of Traditional Industries released by the research team in 2018. It presents ideas and systematic thoughts on the ongoing changes and future trends of industrial digital transformation in China in the past year or so, with a view to providing certain ideas and making recommendations for industrial digital transformation in the country. Below are the important ideas and conclusions of the book:
Digital transformation is an essential path for industries to leverage the power of new-generation information technology to realize more efficient business processes, deliver better customer experience and generate broader value. This book establishes a new systematic framework of industrial digital transformation strategies, which takes new infrastructure and new institutions as the foundations and digital technology, new economic model and new social governance as the driving forces to ultimately realize the vision of future industrial development models. It is a strategic system with “2 foundations, 3 driving forces and 1 vision” for industrial digital transformation. The core characteristics of industrial digital transformation include: (1) data becomes a new factor of production; (2) consumer demand becomes a new driving force for business models; (3) speed, agility and openness become the new normal of industrial operation; (4) “Software Defined Anything” becomes a new starting point of industrial value creation; and (5) XaaS becomes a new paradigm of industrial digital transformation.
Currently, industrial digital transformation plays a tremendous role in driving economic development in China. At the macro level, this report estimates that ICT capital stock contributed to 63% of China抯 economic growth rate in 2018, compared to 74% in the United States during the same period. Meanwhile, ICT capital stock substantially improves production efficiency, contributing 52% of TFP growth in China, higher than that of non-ICT capital at 29%. At the industrial level, this report adopts an industrial digital transformation capacity evaluation system with 9 sub-indicators and 13 indicators in the four major dimensions of technology, economy, society, and new infrastructure & new institutions to divide industrial digital transformation capacities into 4 levels: starting level, development level, acceleration level, and maturity level. Based on analysis, the report concludes that industries as a whole are currently in a stage of transition from Digital Transformation 1.0 to Digital Transformation 2.0. Looking forward to the future, the vision of development for industrial digital transformation lies in “future industries”, including future manufacturing, future energy, future transport, future healthcare, and future services.
Digital transformation in China is now in a period of reaping the policy dividend, with the digital economy becoming an important engine for the high-quality development of the Chinese economy, industrial digital transformation continuously deepening and Chinese characteristics emerging in various sectors. However, digital transformation in most Chinese industries still has its shortcomings, including monolithic technological path, insufficient digital capacity for core technologies, overall technical architecture iteration lagging behind foreign countries, inadequate innovation of new models and new business formats, as well as multiple shortboards in respect of talent, new infrastructure construction, data governance and so on.
In the future, it is necessary to establish a new system of industrial digital transformation from the multiple aspects of technology empowerment, economic model change, social constraints, and new infrastructure & new institutions, so as to change the currently monolithic technological path and realize the “3-in-1” unity between the digital world, the physical world, and the people. At the same time, it is also necessary to base on China抯 national conditions and take a new “private-platform-public” (PPP) development path of digital transformation with Chinese characteristics, in which enterprises, the government and platforms give full play to their respective roles and functions, and accelerate the establishment of a digital ecosystem landscape of open, collaborative and integrated development among small, medium-sized and big enterprises.
Firstly, for technological development, there is a need to carry forward the idea of inclusive cooperation, build an open technological system featuring open sources, accelerate cloud-based IT architecture, encourage diversified routes of technological development, and rebuild modes of management and organization. Secondly, in terms of economic change, it is essential to encourage the development of the platform economy, promote changes in organization, management, operation and business models, deeply tap into the business value brought by digital transformation, continuously push forward the innovation of new business formats, new models, new products and new services, establish user-centered modes of full life cycle economic management and operation, and reinvent different business models. Thirdly, as for social governance, it is necessary to establish a digital literacy and digital capacity system for talents and explore new models of talent training; and further raise the level of digital governance, strengthen data standard and security system building, actively participate in the formulation of the world抯 digital economy and trade rules. Fourth, in terms of new infrastructure & new institutions, it is important to seize the opportunity of 5G, promote the process of digital infrastructure construction, make the digital transformation of traditional infrastructure as a key area of work, provide basic institutional safeguards from such aspects as equity and institutional economics, and push forward the sustainable development of the physical world, the digital world and people.
Meanwhile, as for policy recommendations, it is imperative to strengthen top-level design and enhance organizational safeguards; improve policies and regulations and cultivate a favorable environment; focus on case gathering and speed up demonstration and promotion; build public platforms, promote collaborative cooperation; deepen global cooperation and raise international influence, and improve the policy environment of industrial digital transformation.
To complete this book, the research team made on-site visits to more than 50 enterprises and research institutions, and selected automobile, logistics and healthcare as three major representative industries for analyzing the specific modes and paths of industrial digital transformation. The surveyed enterprises included: 1. digital transformation solution providers such as Pivotal, VMware, Dassault Systèmes, Siemens, Bosch, SIASUN Robot & Automation Co., Ltd. and others; 2. Shanghai International Automobile City Digital Center, Volvo Asia Pacific Headquarters - China R&D Center, Shanghai NIO Automobile Co., Ltd., SAIC Volkswagen No.1 Automobile Factory, Brilliance BMW Group (Shenyang) and others in the automobile industry; 3. JD Logistics, Cainiao Logistics, Suning Logistics and others in the logistics industry; and 4. the healthcare industry, including Sinosoft (regional health informatization), Neusoft (hospital informatization), Tencent (Miying medical imaging AI+), Alibaba and others. Following in-depth survey and systematic research, the research team finally produced systematic and profound research results.
In the course of research and writing of this book, Dr. Huang Chenhong, Executive Vice President and President, Greater China of Dell Technologies, Mr. Zhou Bing, Vice President, Government Affairs, Greater China of Dell Technologies, Mr. Wu Hailiang, Vice President, Strategy and Business Development, Greater China of Dell Technologies, Mr. Shi Feng, Vice President, Greater China Commercial Marketing of Dell Technologies all offered insightful guidance to the project team. Wang Weijia and Wang Tao played a pivotal role in the organization of the project. Research Professor Zhang Feng, Vice President of Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Specially-Appointed Research Professor Song Dawei provided comprehensive guidance and support to the project team. Research professors Wu Jing and Wang Xiaoming organized and led project research together and completed this book. In addition, Liu Changxin, Sun Yi, Zhu Yongbin, Xue Junbo, Tian Yuan, Hou Yunxian, Lu Wenliang, Lu Xin,Yuan Yu and other researchers participated in the writing of this book. Here, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to all relevant enterprises, experts, leaders and researchers for their support of this book. It is hoped that the results of this book can provide useful reference for Chinese enterprises to promote the practice of digital transformation, for all parties concerned to improve industrial digital transformation ecosystems and for the government to formulate policies to push forward industrial digital transformation.