Part I Bioactive Ceramics and Metals
1Introduction to Bioceramics3
1.1Bioactive Materials3
1.1.1Definitions3
1.1.2Common Biomaterials4
1.1.3Bioactive Ceramics5
1.1.4Biological Apatites5
1.1.5Basic Requirements for Bone Implants6
1.1.6Coating of Hydroxyapatite on Porous Ceramics8
1.1.7Biomaterials in Tissue Attachment11
1.2References12
2Bioactive Ceramics: Structure,Synthesis,and Mechanical Properties13
2.1Structure of Hydroxyapatite14
2.1.1General Structure and Chemistry of Hydroxyapatite14
2.1.2Structural Characteristics of Hydroxyapatite15
2.1.3Substituted Apatite16
2.2Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Powder19
2.2.1Dry Chemical Methods19
2.2.2Wet Chemical Methods20
2.3Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite23
2.4Other Bioceramics25
2.4.1Tricalcium Phosphate25
2.4.2Bioactive Glasses25
2.5References26
2.6Problems28
3Bioceramic Processing29
3.1Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Porous Bioceramics30
3.1.1High Temperature Routes30
3.1.2Low Temperature Routes32
3.1.3Rapid Prototyping Techniques33
3.1.4Mechanical Properties of Porous Bioceramics34
3.2Coating of Bioceramic Thick Films on Bio-Inert Porous Substrates34
3.2.1Slip Casting35
3.2.2Electrophoretic Deposition35
3.2.3Bioceramic-Glass Slurry Method36
3.2.4Thermal Deposition37
3.2.5Sol-Gel Synthesis37
3.2.6Biomimetic Growth39
3.3Coating on Dense Substrates39
3.3.1Enameling39
3.3.2Plasma-Sprayed Coatings40
3.3.3Sputtering41
3.4Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Non-Hard Tissue Applications42
3.5Composites43
3.5.1Bioceramic-Polymer Composite43
3.5.2Reinforced Hydroxyapatite44
3.5.3Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphate Composite44
3.6Summary45
3.7References45
3.8Problems46
4Coating of Hydroxyapatite onto Inner Pore Surfaces of the Reticulated Alumina47
4.1Hydroxyapatite Coating Methods and Characterization47
4.1.1Coating of Hydroxyapatite by the Hydroxyapatite-Glass Slurry Method47
4.1.2Coating of Hydroxyapatite by a Thermal Deposition Method53
4.1.3Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Film53
4.1.4Coating of Hydroxyapatite Using Sol-Gel Synthesis57
4.2Adhesion of Hydroxyapatite Film on Alumina Substrate58
4.3References59
4.4Problems60
5Properties and Characterization of Biomaterials61
5.1Characterization of Ceramics61
5.2Bioactive Properties and Hard Tissue Prosthetics62
5.2.1Bone Biology62
5.2.2Critical Issues on Interfaces Between the Hard Tissue and Biomaterials63
5.2.3Factors that Influence Bioreactivity64
5.2.4Bone Implant64
5.2.5Bonding Mechanisms65
5.2.6In vitro Behavior of Hydroxyapatite66
5.3Measurements of Growth and Dissolution of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics68
5.4In vitro Test Conducted in This Reasearch68
5.5Mechanical Properties70
5.6References71
5.7Problems73
6Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite74
6.1General Aspects74
6.2In vitro Testing Materials and Preparation74
6.3Characterization of Immersion Solution75
6.4Morphology of the Reacted Surfaces79
6.5References84
6.6Problems84
7Hydroxyapatite Deposition Mechanisms85
7.1Material Synthesis and Hydroxyapatite Coating85
7.1.1General Aspects on Chemistry,Structure,and Thermal Behavior of Hydroxyapatite85
7.1.2Material Synthesis and Hydroxyapatite Coating86
7.1.3Coating of Hydroxyapatite onto Inner Surfaces of Pores in Reticulated Alumina87
7.1.4Hydroxyapatite-Glass Slurry Method87
7.1.5Thermal Deposition and Sol-Gel Methods90
7.2Mechanisms of Bioactivity92
7.2.1In vitro Biochemistry Behavior of Hydroxyapatite92
7.2.2Growth — Dissolution Mechanism94
7.2.3Kinetics Models for Crystallization and Dissolution96
7.2.4Experimental Determination of Reaction Mechanisms99
7.2.5Effect of Heat Treatment on Hydroxyapatite100
7.2.6Structural Effect on Bioactivity102
7.2.7Temperature Effect on Bioactivity103
7.2.8Factors Contributing to Reactivity of Hydroxyapatite105
7.3References108
7.4Problems108
8Biomedical Metallic Materials110
8.1Microstructures and Processing110
8.2Corrosion Resistance of Metals115
8.3Biological Tolerance of Metal117
8.4Stainless Steel118
8.5Cobalt-Based Alloys123
8.6Titanium and Its Alloys127
8.7TiNi Shape Memory Alloy131
8.8Summary135
8.9References137
8.10Problems138
Part ⅡPolymeric Biomaterials
9Polymer Basics143
9.1Classification of Polymers143
9.1.1Source143
9.1.2Polymer Chain Structure144
9.1.3Polymer Thermal Behavior146
9.1.4Polymer Stability146
9.2Characteristics of Polymer147
9.2.1Degree of Polymerization147
9.2.2Polymer Crystals148
9.2.3The Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature148
9.3Synthesis of Polymers149
9.3.1Free Radical Polymerization149
9.3.2Condensation Polymerization153
9.3.3Other Types of Polymerization154
9.4References156
9.5Problems157
10Naturally Occurring Polymer Biomaterials158
10.1General Introduction to Proteins158
10.2Collagen159
10.2.1Cross-Linking of Collagen162
10.3Alginate166
10.4Chitin and Chitosan167
10.5References168
10.6Problems171
11Synthetic NonBiodegradable Polymers172
11.1Polyethylene172
11.1.1High Density Polyethylene173
11.1.2Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene174
11.2Poly(methyl methacrylate)175
11.3Polyester177
11.4Polycarbonate178
11.5Polyamides179
11.6Polyurethane180
11.7Polysulfones184
11.8Poly(ether ether ketone)184
11.9References185
11.10Problems186
12Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers187
12.1Aliphatic Polyester187
12.1.1Poly(glycolide)189
12.1.2Poly(lactide)189
12.1.3Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)191
12.1.4Poly(ε-caprolactone)192
12.1.5Poly(para-dioxanone)192
12.2Poly(propylene fumarate)193
12.3Polyamino Acid194
12.4References195
12.5Problems196
13Polymer Matrix Composite Biomaterials197
13.1Fiber Reinforced Composites198
13.2Filler Reinforced Composites199
13.3Methods to Improve the Interfacial Bonding Between Phases in Composites200
13.3.1SelfReinforcement of Fiber/Polymer Composites200
13.3.2Plasma Treatment of Fibers200
13.3.3Coupling Agent201
13.4References203
13.5Problems206Part ⅢTissue Engineering: A New Era of Regenerative Medicine
14Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering211
14.1General Aspects of Biomaterials Used for Tissue Engineering211
14.2Representative Biomaterials Used for Tissue Engineering212
14.2.1Polymers212
14.2.2Bioceramics213
14.3Biomaterial Constructs for Tissue Engineering: Scaffolds214
14.3.1Definition and Requirements for Scaffolds Used in Tissue Engineering215
14.3.2Principles of Scaffold Design215
14.3.3Scaffold Fabrication Technologies216
14.4References223
14.5Problems226
15Cells and Biomolecules for Tissue Engineering227
15.1Cells for Tissue Engineering227
15.2Growth Factor Delivery in Tissue Engineering230
15.3Regulatory Matrix Proteins232
15.4References234
15.5Problems237
16Transport and Vascularization in Tissue Engineering238
16.1Transport in Engineered Tissue238
16.2Vascularization239
16.2.1New Blood Vessel Formation239
16.2.2Vascularization in Tissue Engineering240
16.3References240
16.4Problems241
17Host Response to Tissue Engineered Grafts243
17.1The Foreign Body Response to Synthetic Components243
17.2Response to Biological Components244
17.3References246
17.4Problems247
18Other Important Issues and Future Challenges in Tissue Engineering249
18.1Organ Replacement and Regeneration249
18.2Organotypic and Histiotypic Models250
18.3Mechanotransduction251
18.4Future Challenges252
18.5References253
18.6Problems253
