PREFACE
CHAPTER Ⅰ DETERMINATION OF ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH
PART Ⅰ GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.1 Significance of Working Length in Root Canal Treatment
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Precise Determination
PART Ⅱ COMMON METHODS FOR WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION
2.1 History of Working Length Determination
2.2 Concept, Operation And Significance of Tactile Method
2.2 Concept, Operation And Significance of Radiographic Method
2.3 Concept, Operation And Significance of Electronic Method
PART Ⅲ DETERMINATION OF THE ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH
3.1 Anatomic Foundation of the Apical Area
3.2 Clinical Methods in Precise Determination of Working Length
3.3 Clinical Technique with Electronic Apex Locators
3.4 Clinical Consideration on Working Length Determination
3.4 Operation Announcements
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅱ DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION ON MICRO ROOT CANAL TREAT- MENT
PART Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE
PART Ⅱ CHARACTERISTIC OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE
2.1 Magnification
2.2 Illumination
PART Ⅲ ADVANTAGE COMBINED WITH RCT AND SURGICAL MICROSCOPE Search Root Canal Orifice
PART Ⅳ MANAGING CANAL CALCIFICATION AND BLOCKAGE
PART Ⅴ MANAGING INSTRUMENTS SEPARATION
PART Ⅵ MICRO-ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY
PART Ⅶ MICRO-TUBE TECHNIQUE
PART Ⅶ PERFORATION REPAIR
PART Ⅸ CRACK DETECTION
PART Ⅹ PERIAPICAL SURGERY
Instruments Comparison
PART Ⅺ COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MICROSURGERY
CHAPTER Ⅲ ROOT CANAL RETREATMENT
PART Ⅰ cAUSES FOR FAILURE OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT
PART Ⅱ INDICATION OF RETREATMENT
2.1 Indication of Retreatment
2.2 Contraindication of Retreatment
2.3 The Risk And Advantage of Retreatment
PART Ⅲ PROCEDURES FOR RETREATMENT
3.1 Removal of Crown
3.2 Management of Root Canal Omittance
3.3 Removal of Gutta-percha
3.4 Management of Calcification
3.5 Management of Ledge
3.6 Management of Root Perforation
PART Ⅳ POST-TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Flare-up
4.2 Final Coronal Restoration
4.3 Follow-up Visits
4.4 Prognosis for Healing
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅳ STRATEGIES TO THE PROBLEMS IN TIlE PROCESS OF ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
PART Ⅰ LOSS OF WORKING LENGTH
PART Ⅱ ROOT CANAL BLOCKAGE
PART Ⅲ LEDGE FORMATION
PART Ⅳ TRANSPORTATION
4.1 Canal Transportation
4.2 Zip Formation
4.3 Elbow Formation
PART Ⅴ PERFORATIONS
5.1 Four Dimeusious of A Perforation
5.2 Cervical Canal Perforations
5.3 Midroot Perforations
5.4 Apical Perforations
PART Ⅵ INADEQUATE OR INAPPROPRIATE ENLARGING AND SHAPING THAT HIN-
DER THE PROVISION OF QUALITY TREATMENT
6.1 Enlarging And Shaping Beyond the Canal Terminus
6.2 Excessive Removal of Root Dentin
6.3 Failure to Properly Enlarge And Shape the Canal
CHAPTER Ⅴ THE EFFECT OF OVAL CANAL ON ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
PART Ⅰ THE DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE OF OVAL CANAL
1.1 The Definiton of Oval Canal
1.2 Occurrence of Oval Canal
PART Ⅱ PREPARATION OF OVAL CANAL
2.1 Mechanical Preparation
2.2 Machine Preparation Methods
2.3 Chemical Prepare
PART Ⅲ OBTURATION OF OVAL ROOT CANALS
3.1 Cold Lateral Condensation of Gutta-percha
3.2 Warm Gutta-percha Fillings
3.3 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅵ RADIOGRAPHIC AIDS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
PART Ⅰ INTRAORAL PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY
1.1 Principles of Periapical Radiography
1.2 Limitations of the Periapical Radiography
1.3 Interpretation of Radiograph
PART Ⅱ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
2.1 The Traditional CT
2.2 Cone-beam CT
2.3 Application of Cone Beam CT in Endodentics
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅶ FRONTIERS IN PERIODONTAL MICROBIOLOGY
PART Ⅰ CURRENT CONCEPT AND PROGRESS FOR SUBGINGIVAL BIOFILM RE- SEARCH
1.1 Formation And Construction of Subgingival Biofilm
1.2 Bacterial Community of Subgingival Biofilm
1.3 Multiple Interspecies Interactions And Special Bacterial Behavior in Subgingival Biofilm
PART Ⅱ CURRENT CONCEPT 1N PATHOGENICITY OF PERIODONTAL PATHO- GENS
2.1 Current Concept of PeriodontalPathogens
2.2 Progress of Periodontal Primary Pathogenic Bacteria Research
2.3 Progress of Periodontal Virus Research
PART Ⅲ OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE
REFERENCES 065
CHAPTER Ⅶ RESEARCH PROGRESS OF AETIOLOGY FROM SYSTEMIC DISOR- DERS
PART Ⅰ STRESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
1.1 What Is Stress
1.2 Stress Influence Life-style
1.3 Interaction Between Stress And Periodontal Disease
PART Ⅱ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE
2.1 RA May Be A Causal Factor for Periodontitis
2.2 Periodontitis May Be A Causal Factor for RA
2.3 Genetic Factors in RA And Periodontitis
PART Ⅲ OBESITY AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE
3.1 Definition And Classification of Obesity
3.2 Prevalence of Obesity
3.3 Obesity-Related Diseases
3.4 Relationship Between Obesity And Periodontal Disease, Animals Experiments
3.5 Relationship Between Obesity And Periodontal Disease, Epidemiological Studies
3.6 Biological Mechanisms
PART Ⅳ CIGARETTE SMOKING AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE
4.1 Smoking, A Risk Factor for Periodontitis
4.2 Mechanisms of Periodontal Disease Progression in Smokers
4.3 Effects of Smoking on Periodontal Therapy
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅸ PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY
PART Ⅰ THE OBJECTIVE AND CONTENT OF PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY
Sequence of Procedures
PART Ⅱ THE PROGRESS OF PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY
2.1 Hand Instruments And Ultrasonic Scalers
2.2 Subgingival Air-polishing
2.3 Laser Therapy
2.4 Treatment Program (One-stage Full-mouth Treatment/Partition Period of Treatment)
2.5 The Timing of the Periodontal Drug Treatment
PART HI THE TISSUE HEAL1NG AND THE EFFECT OF PERIODONTAL 1NITIAL THERAPY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅹ PERIODONTAL REGENERATIVE THERAPY
PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION
PART 1I REGENERATIVE SURGERY
2.1 Bone Grafts
2.2 Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR)
2.3 Evaluation of New Attachment And Periodontal Reconstruction
PART Ⅲ GROWTH FACTOR
3.1 Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
3.2 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)
3.3 Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor(bFGF)
3.4 Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
3.5 Transforming Growth Factor-13(TGF-13)
3.6 Cementum-related Factors
3.7 Growth Differentiation Factor-5
3.8 Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP)
3.9 P-15
3.10 Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)
3.11 Enamel Matrix Proteins (EMPs)
3.12 Releasing Technology
PART Ⅳ APPLICATION OF ENAMEL MATRIX PROTEINS
4.1 In Vitro Studies
4.2 In Vivo Animal Studies
4.3 In Vivo Human Studies
4.4 Clinical Studies
4.5 Surgical Technique
4.6 Factors Affecting EMD Outcome
4.7 Conclusions
PART Ⅴ PERIODONTAL TISSUE ENGINEERING
5.1 Cells
5.2 Signaling Molecules
5.3 Scaffold
PART Ⅵ GENE THERAPY
PART Ⅶ RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTAL REGENERATIVE THERAPY
7.1 Patient Factors
7.2 Tooth Factors
7.3 Defect Morphology
7.4 Therapeutic Procedures
REFERENCES
CHAPTER Ⅺ PERIODONTAL MEDICINE
PART Ⅰ THE EMERGENCE OF PERIODONTAL MEDICINE
PART Ⅱ RELATIVE RESEARCHES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
2.1 Periodontal Diseases And Diabetes Mellims
2.2 Periodontal Diseases And Cardiovascular Diseases
2.3 Periodontal Diseases And Preterm Low Birth Weight
2.4 Periodontal Diseases And Respiratory Diseases
2.5 Periodontal Diseases And Digestive System Diseases
2.6 Periodontal Diseases And Rheumatoid Arthritis
2.7 Periodontal Diseases And Osteoporosis
PART Ⅲ SUMMARY
REFERENCES
