这才是心理学(第9版.英文版)

Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom　27
The Freedom to Admit a Mistake　28
Thoughts Are Cheap　30
Errors in Science: Getting Closer to the Truth　31
Summary　34
3　Operationism and Essentialism: “But, Doctor,What Does It Really Mean?”　35
Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists　35
Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words　36
Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events　37
Reliability and Validity　38
Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions　40
Scientific Concepts Evolve　40
Operational Definitions in Psychology　42
Operationism as a Humanizing Force　45
Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology　47
Operationism and the Phrasing of Psychological Questions　48
Summary　51
4　Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:Placebo Effects and the Amazing Randi　53
The Place of the Case Study　54
Why Testimonials Are Worthless: Placebo Effects　56
The “Vividness” Problem　59
The Overwhelming Impact of the Single Case　63
The Amazing Randi: Fighting Fire with Fire　65
Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience　67
Summary　71
5　Correlation and Causation: Birth Control by the Toaster Method　73
The Third-Variable Problem: Goldberger and Pellagra　74
Why Goldberger’s Evidence Was Better　75
The Directionality Problem　78
Selection Bias　80
Summary　83
6　Getting Things Under Control: The Case of Clever Hans　85
Snow and Cholera　86
Comparison, Control, and Manipulation　87
Random Assignment in Conjunction with Manipulation Defines the True Experiment　88
The Importance of Control Groups　91
The Case of Clever Hans, the Wonder Horse　94
Clever Hans in the 1990s　96
Prying Variables Apart: Special Conditions　99
Intuitive Physics　101
Intuitive Psychology　103
Summary　104
7　“But It’s Not Real Life!”: The “Artificiality” Criticism and Psychology　105
Why Natural Isn’t Always Necessary　105
The “Random Sample” Confusion　107
The Random Assignment Versus Random Sample Distinction　107
Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications　108
Applications of Psychological Theory　113
The “College Sophomore” Problem　115
The Real-Life and College Sophomore Problems in Perspective　119
Summary　120
8　Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome: The Importance of Converging Evidence　121
The Connectivity Principle　122
A Consumer’s Rule: Beware of Violations of Connectivity　123
The “Great-Leap” Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model　125
Converging Evidence: Progress Despite Flaws　126
Converging Evidence in Psychology　129
Scientific Consensus　133
Methods and the Convergence Principle　135
The Progression to More Powerful Methods　136
A Counsel Against Despair　139
Summary　142
9　The Misguided Search for the “Magic Bullet”:The Issue of Multiple Causation　145
The Concept of Interaction　146
The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation　149
Summary　152
10　The Achilles’ Heel of Human Cognition:Probabilistic Reasoning　153
“Person-Who” Statistics　155
Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology　156
Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning　158
Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information　159
Failure to Use Sample Size Information　161
The Gambler’s Fallacy　162
A Further Word About Statistics and Probability　164
Summary　166
11　The Role of Chance in Psychology　167
The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events　167
Explaining Chance: Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control　170
Chance and Psychology　172
Coincidence　173
Personal Coincidences　176
Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error: Clinical versus Actuarial Prediction　177
Summary　184
12　The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences　185
Psychology’s Image Problem　185
Psychology and Parapsychology　186
The Self-Help Literature　188
Recipe Knowledge　190
Psychology and Other Disciplines　192
Our Own Worst Enemies　194
Isn’t Everyone a Psychologist? Implicit Theories of Behavior　200
The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology　201
The Final Word　206
References　207
Name Index　231
Subject Index　238