基本信息
- 原书名：Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
- 原出版社： Wiley; 1 edition
- 作者： Feng-Chen Li Bo Yu Jin-Jia Wei Yasuo Kawaguchi
- 丛书名： 材料与力学进展
- 出版社：高等教育出版社
- ISBN：9787040348156
- 上架时间：2012-7-5
- 出版日期：2012 年6月
- 开本：16开
- 页码：257
- 版次：1-1
- 所属分类：化学 > 物理化学 > 物理化学
物理 > 唯象论 > 流体动力学
内容简介
目录
《表面活性剂湍流减阻-(英文版)》
Preface
1Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Surfactant Solution
1.2.1 Anionic Surfactant
1.2.2 Cationic Surfactant
1.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant
1.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant
1.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant
1.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
1.3.1 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of Microstructures
1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence
1.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
1.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow
1.4.2 Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow
1.4.3 Toxic Effect of Cationic Surfactant Solution
1.4.4 Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution
1.4.5 Corrosion of Surfactant Solution
References
Preface
1Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Surfactant Solution
1.2.1 Anionic Surfactant
1.2.2 Cationic Surfactant
1.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant
1.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant
1.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant
1.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
1.3.1 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of Microstructures
1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence
1.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
1.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow
1.4.2 Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow
1.4.3 Toxic Effect of Cationic Surfactant Solution
1.4.4 Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution
1.4.5 Corrosion of Surfactant Solution
References
书摘
At the static state，worm-like micellar structures can be formed in most of thesurfactant drag reducer solutions.Exerted with shear stress，the worm-like micellarstructures are apt to align with the flow direction，resulting in the occurrence ofturbulent drag-reducing effect and a larger critical shear stress or critical Reynoldsnumber（the turbulent DR rate increases with the increase of the flow Reynolds numberat first and reaches the maximum level at the critical Reynolds number; after that，theDR rate decreases with the further increase of the fiow Reynolds number until itreaches zero）.Surfactant drag reducer solutions with inner worm-like micellarstructures usually display obvious theological properties，such as relatively largezero-shear viscosity，shear thinning properties（the shear viscosity decreases with theincrease of shear rate），large viscoelasticity，a rapid rebounding phenomenon after thecease of rotation driving，a large ratio of extensional viscosity to shear viscosity（normally larger than 100），and so on.
In some turbulent drag-reducing fluid systems，worm-like micellar structures withbranches，that is，worm-like structures with three branches joined together，can beformed.When the energy necessary for forming the semispherical head of a micellarstructure becomes high enough to form a saddle-shaped branch joint，the branchstructure can thus be generated.Comparing this with the former case，the number ofends of the worm-like micellar microstructures in the solution decreases.It has beenobserved from experiments that the joints of branches can freely move along the axialdirection of the worm-like micellar structure.Hence，when exerted by shear，the shearstress can be immediately released，and so the shear viscosity of solutiondecreases [281.The turbulent drag-reducing effect is also obvious for the surfactantsolution fiow with branched microstructures.But its maximum DR rate is smallercompared with that of nonbranched microstructures，while its critical Reynoldsnumber is larger.Moreover，the complicated behavior of the free movement of thebranch joints along the axial direction of micellar structures also induces much morecomplex theological properties for such surfactant solutions.
There are also some kinds of surfactant solutions in which vesicular or crystalstructures can be formed at the static state.In turbulent fiows，when the exerted shearrate exceeds the critical value，these structures can change to worm-like micellarstructures and make the surfactant solution fiow display the turbulent DR phenom-enon.This transition process of surfactant solution，from a state without drag-reducingeffect to one with drag-reducing effect，is analogous to the inception process of DR in aturbulent flow of surfactant solution.The difference is that the inception of DR cannotbe observed when the critical shear rate for the change of microstructures in surfactantsolution is smaller than the critical wall shear for the laminar-to-turbulent transition.For the normal theology measurements，if the applied shear rate by theometer isusually not large enough to reach the critical shear rate for the change of micro-structures in surfactant solution，the measured solution may display Newtonian fluidproperties，that is，a relatively small shear viscosity，no generation of SIS，the firstnormal stress difference is O，a relatively small ratio of extensional viscosity to shearviscosity，and so on.
1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence
Several typical theories for turbulent DR published up to the present are summarizedbelow.
1.3.2.1 Pseudo-plasticity
Early on，Toms proposed that polymer solutions have pseudo-plasticity.The largerthe shear rate is，the smaller the apparent viscosity of a polymer solution becomes.Hence，when a solution flows in a pipe，its apparent viscosity decreases with proximityto the wall due to the local large shear rate，and so the fiow resistance is decreased.From then on，through a large amount of experimental and theoretical studies，it hasbeen shown that the mechanisms of turbulent DR by polymer additives are much morecomplicated，and this theory is currently denied.
……
In some turbulent drag-reducing fluid systems，worm-like micellar structures withbranches，that is，worm-like structures with three branches joined together，can beformed.When the energy necessary for forming the semispherical head of a micellarstructure becomes high enough to form a saddle-shaped branch joint，the branchstructure can thus be generated.Comparing this with the former case，the number ofends of the worm-like micellar microstructures in the solution decreases.It has beenobserved from experiments that the joints of branches can freely move along the axialdirection of the worm-like micellar structure.Hence，when exerted by shear，the shearstress can be immediately released，and so the shear viscosity of solutiondecreases [281.The turbulent drag-reducing effect is also obvious for the surfactantsolution fiow with branched microstructures.But its maximum DR rate is smallercompared with that of nonbranched microstructures，while its critical Reynoldsnumber is larger.Moreover，the complicated behavior of the free movement of thebranch joints along the axial direction of micellar structures also induces much morecomplex theological properties for such surfactant solutions.
There are also some kinds of surfactant solutions in which vesicular or crystalstructures can be formed at the static state.In turbulent fiows，when the exerted shearrate exceeds the critical value，these structures can change to worm-like micellarstructures and make the surfactant solution fiow display the turbulent DR phenom-enon.This transition process of surfactant solution，from a state without drag-reducingeffect to one with drag-reducing effect，is analogous to the inception process of DR in aturbulent flow of surfactant solution.The difference is that the inception of DR cannotbe observed when the critical shear rate for the change of microstructures in surfactantsolution is smaller than the critical wall shear for the laminar-to-turbulent transition.For the normal theology measurements，if the applied shear rate by theometer isusually not large enough to reach the critical shear rate for the change of micro-structures in surfactant solution，the measured solution may display Newtonian fluidproperties，that is，a relatively small shear viscosity，no generation of SIS，the firstnormal stress difference is O，a relatively small ratio of extensional viscosity to shearviscosity，and so on.
1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence
Several typical theories for turbulent DR published up to the present are summarizedbelow.
1.3.2.1 Pseudo-plasticity
Early on，Toms proposed that polymer solutions have pseudo-plasticity.The largerthe shear rate is，the smaller the apparent viscosity of a polymer solution becomes.Hence，when a solution flows in a pipe，its apparent viscosity decreases with proximityto the wall due to the local large shear rate，and so the fiow resistance is decreased.From then on，through a large amount of experimental and theoretical studies，it hasbeen shown that the mechanisms of turbulent DR by polymer additives are much morecomplicated，and this theory is currently denied.
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