C++ Primer（第4版）（英文影印版）(久负盛名的C++经典教程)

.chapter 2 variables and basic types 33
2.1 primitive built-in types 34
2.1.1 integral types 34
2.1.2 floating-point types 37
2.2 literal constants 37
2.3 variables 43
2.3.1 what is a variable? 45
2.3.2 the name of a variable 46
2.3.3 defining objects 48
2.3.4 variable initialization rules 50
2.3.5 declarations and definitions 52
2.3.6 scope of a name 54
2.3.7 define variables where they are used 55
2.4 const qualifier 56
2.5 references 58
2.6 typedef names 61
2.7 enumerations 62
2.8 class types 63
2.9 writing our own header files 67
2.9.1 designing our own headers 67
2.9.2 a brief introduction to the preprocessor 69
chapter summary 73
defined terms 73
chapter 3 library types 77
3.1 namespace using declarations 78
3.2 library stringtype 80
3.2.1 defining and initializing strings 80
3.2.2 reading and writing strings 81
3.2.3 operations on strings 83
3.2.4 dealing with the characters of a string 88
3.3 library vector type 90
3.3.1 defining and initializing vectors 91
3.3.2 operations on vectors 93
3.4 introducing iterators 95
3.4.1 iterator arithmetic 100
3.5 library bitset type 101
3.5.1 defining and initializing bitsets 102
3.5.2 operations on bitsets 104
chapter summary 107
defined terms 107
chapter 4 arrays and pointers 109
4.1 arrays 110
4.1.1 defining and initializing arrays 110
4.1.2 operations on arrays 113
4.2 introducing pointers 114
4.2.1 what is apointer? 115
4.2.2 defining and initializing pointers 116
4.2.3 operationson pointers 119
4.2.4 using pointers to access array elements 122
4.2.5 pointers and the const qualifier 126
4.3 c-style character strings 130
4.3.1 dynamically allocating arrays 134
4.3.2 interfacing to older code 139
4.4 multidimensioned arrays 141
4.4.1 pointers and multidimensioned arrays 143
chapter summary 145
defined terms 145
chapter 5 expressions 147
5.1 arithmetic operators 149
5.2 relational and logical operators 152
5.3 the bitwise operators 154
5.3.1 using bitset objectsor integral values 156
5.3.2 using the shift operators for io 158
5.4 assignment operators 159
5.4.1 assignment is right associative 160
5.4.2 assignment has low precedence 160
5.4.3 compound assignment operators 161
5.5 increment and decrement operators 162
5.6 the arrow operator 164
5.7 the conditional operator 165
5.8 the size of operator 167
5.9 comma operator 168
5.10 evaluating compound expressions 168
5.10.1 precedence 168
5.10.2 associativity 170
5.10.3 order of evaluation 172
5.11 the new and delete expressions 174
5.12 type conversions 178
5.12.1 when implicit type conversions occur 179
5.12.2 the arithmetic conversions 180
5.12.3 other implicit conversions 181
5.12.4 explicit conversions 183
5.12.5 when casts might be useful 184
5.12.6 named casts 184
5.12.7 old-stylecasts 186
chapter summary 188
defined terms 188
chapter 6 statements 191
6.1 simple statements 192
6.2 declaration statements 193
6.3 compound statements (blocks) 193
6.4 statement scope 194
6.5 the if statement 195
6.5.1 the if statement else branch 197
6.6 the switch statement 199
6.6.1 using a switch 200
6.6.2 control flow within a switch 201
6.6.3 the default label 203
6.6.4 switch expression and caselabels 203
6.6.5 variable definitions inside a switch 204
6.7 the while statement 204
6.8 the forloop statement 207
6.8.1 omitting parts of the for header 209
6.8.2 multiple definitions in the for header 210
6.9 the do while statement 210
6.10 the break statement 212
6.11 the continue statement 214
6.12 the goto statement 214
6.13 try blocks and exception handling 215
6.13.1 a throw expression 216
6.13.2 the try block 217
6.13.3 standard exceptions 219
6.14 using the preprocessor for debugging 220
chapter summary 223
defined terms 223
chapter 7 functions 225
7.1 defining a function 226
7.1.1 function return type 227
7.1.2 function parameter list 228
7.2 argument passing 229
7.2.1 nonreference parameters 230
7.2.2 reference parameters 232
7.2.3 vector and other container parameters 237
7.2.4 array parameters 238
7.2.5 managing arrays passed to functions 241
7.2.6 main:handling command-line options 243
7.2.7 function swith varying parameters 244
7.3 the return statement 245
7.3.1 function swith noreturn value 245
7.3.2 functions that returna value 246
7.3.3 recursion 249
7.4 function declarations 251
7.4.1 default arguments 253
7.5 local objects 254
7.5.1 automatic objects 255
7.5.2 static local objects 255
7.6 inline functions 256
7.7 class member functions 258
7.7.1 defining the body of a member function 259
7.7.2 defining a member function outside the class 261
7.7.3 writing the sales_item constructor 262
7.7.4 organizing class code files 264
7.8 overloaded functions 265
7.8.1 overloading and scope 268
7.8.2 function matching and argument conversions 269
7.8.3 the three steps in overload resolution 270
7.8.4 argument-type conversions 272
7.9 pointers to functions 276
chapter summary 280
defined terms 280
chapter 8 the io library 283
8.1 anobject-oriented library 284
8.2 condition states 287
8.3 managing the output buffer 290
8.4 file input and output 293
8.4.1 using file stream objects 293
8.4.2 file modes 296
8.4.3 a program to open and check input files 299
8.5 string streams 299
chapter summary 302
defined terms 302
part ii containers and algorithms 303
chapter 9 sequential containers 305
9.1 defininga sequential container 307
9.1.1 initializing container elements 307
9.1.2 constraints on types that a container can hold 309
9.2 iterators and iterator ranges 311
9.2.1 iterator ranges 314
9.2.2 some container operations invalidate iterators 315
9.3 sequence container operations 316
9.3.1 container typedefs 316
9.3.2 begin and end members 317
9.3.3 adding elements to a sequential container 318
9.3.4 relational operators 321
9.3.5 container size operations 323
9.3.6 accessing elements 324
9.3.7 erasing elements 326
9.3.8 assignment and swap 328
9.4 how a vector grows 330
9.4.1 capacity and reserve members 331
9.5 deciding which container to use 333
9.6 strings revisited 335
9.6.1 other ways to construct strings 338
9.6.2 other ways to change a string 339
9.6.3 string-only operations 341
9.6.4 string search operations 343
9.6.5 comparing strings 346
9.7 container adaptors 348
9.7.1 stack adaptor 350
9.7.2 queue and priority queue 351
chapter summary 353
defined terms 353
chapter 10 associative containers 355
10.1 preliminaries: the pair type 356
10.2 associative containers 358
10.3 the map type 360
10.3.1 defining a map 360
10.3.2 types defined by map 361
10.3.3 adding elements to a map 362
10.3.4 subscripting a map 362
10.3.5 using map::insert 364
10.3.6 finding and retrieving a map element 367
10.3.7 erasing elements from a map 368
10.3.8 iterating across a map 369
10.3.9 a word transformation map 369
10.4 the set type 372
10.4.1 defining and using sets 373
10.4.2 building a word-exclusion set 374
10.5 the multimap and multisettypes 375
10.5.1 addingand removing elements 376
10.5.2 finding elements in a multimap or multiset 376
10.6 using containers: text-query program 379
10.6.1 designof the query program 380
10.6.2 text query class 382
10.6.3 using the text query class 383
10.6.4 writing the member functions 385
chapter summary 388
defined terms 388
chapter 11 generic algorithms 391
11.1 overview 392
11.2 a first lookat the algorithms .. 395
11.2.1 read-only algorithms 396
11.2.2 algorithms that write container elements 398
11.2.3 algorithms that reorder container elements 400
11.3 revisiting iterators 405
11.3.1 insert iterators 406
11.3.2 iostream iterators 407
11.3.3 reverse iterators 412
11.3.4 const iterators 415
11.3.5 thefive iterator categories 416
11.4 structure of generic algorithms 419
11.4.1 algorithm parameter patterns 419
11.4.2 algorithm naming conventions 420
11.5 container-specific algorithms 421
chapter summary 424
defined terms 424
part iii classes and data abstraction 427
chapter 12 classes 429
12.1 class definitions and declarations 430
12.1.1 class definitions: a recap 430
12.1.2 data abstraction and encapsulation 432
12.1.3 more on class definitions 434
12.1.4 class declaration sversus definitions 437
12.1.5 class objects 439
12.2 the implicit this pointer 440
12.3 class scope 444
12.3.1 name look up in class scope 447
12.4 constructors 451
12.4.1 the constructor initializer 453
12.4.2 default arguments and constructors 458
12.4.3 the default constructor 458
12.4.4 implicitclass-type conversions 461
12.4.5 explicit initialization of class members 464
12.5 friends 465
12.6 static class members 467
12.6.1 static member functions 469
12.6.2 static data members 469
chapter summary 473
defined terms 473
chapter 13 copy control 475
13.1 the copy constructor 476
13.1.1 the synthesized copyconstructor 479
13.1.2 defining our own copy constructor 480
13.1.3 preventing copies 481
13.2 the assignment operator 482
13.3 the destructor 484
13.4 a message-handling example 486
13.5 managing pointer members 492
13.5.1 defining smart pointer classes 495
13.5.2 defining valuelike classes 499
chapter summary 502
defined terms 502
chapter 14 overloaded operations and conversions 505
14.1 defining an overloaded operator 506
14.1.1 overloaded operator design 510
14.2 input and output operators 513
14.2.1 overloading the output operator [[ 513
14.2.2 overloading the input operator ]] 515
14.3 arithmetic and relational operators 517
14.3.1 equality operators 518
14.3.2 relational operators 520
14.4 assignment operators 520
14.5 subscript operator 522
14.6 member access operators 523
14.7 increment and decrement operators 526
14.8 call operator and function objects 530
14.8.1 using function object swith library algorithms 531
14.8.2 library-defined function objects 533
14.8.3 function adaptors for function objects 535
14.9 conversions and class types 535
14.9.1 why conversions are useful 536
14.9.2 conversion operators 537
14.9.3 argument matching and conversions 541
14.9.4 overload resolution and class arguments 544
14.9.5 overloading,conversions, andoperators 547
chapter summary 552
defined terms 552
part iv object-oriented and generic programming 555
chapter 15 object-oriented programming 557
15.1 oop:anoverview 558
15.2 defining base and derived classes 560
15.2.1 defining a base class 560
15.2.2 protected members 562
15.2.3 derived classes 563
15.2.4 virtual and other member functions 566
15.2.5 public,private,and protected inheritance 570
15.2.6 friendship and inheritance 575
15.2.7 inheritance and static members 576
15.3 conversions and inheritance 577
15.3.1 derived-to-base conversions 577
15.3.2 conversions from base to derived 580
15.4 constructors and copy control 580
15.4.1 base-class constructors and copy control 580
15.4.2 derived-class constructors 581
15.4.3 copy control and inheritance 584
15.4.4 virtual destructors 587
15.4.5 virtuals in constructors and destructors 589
15.5 class scopeunder inheritance 590
15.5.1 name lookup happensat compile time 590
15.5.2 name collisions and inheritance 591
15.5.3 scopeand member functions 592
15.5.4 virtual functions and scope 594
15.6 pure virtual functions 595
15.7 containers and inheritance 597
15.8 handle classes and inheritance 598
15.8.1 a pointerlike handle 599
15.8.2 cloning an unknown type 602
15.8.3 using the handle 603
15.9 text queries revisited 607
15.9.1 an object-oriented solution 609
15.9.2 a valuelike handle 610
15.9.3 the query_baseclass 612
15.9.4 the query handle class 613
15.9.5 the derived classes 616
15.9.6 the eval functions 618
chapter summary 621
defined terms 621
chapter 16 templates and generic programming 623
16.1 template definitions 624
16.1.1 defining a function template 625
16.1.2 defining a class template 627
16.1.3 template parameters 628
16.1.4 template type parameters 630
16.1.5 non type template parameters 632
16.1.6 writing generic programs 633
16.2 instantiation 636
16.2.1 template argument deduction 637
16.2.2 function-template explicit arguments 642
16.3 template compilation models 643
16.4 class template members 647
16.4.1 class-template member functions 651
16.4.2 template arguments for nontype parameters 655
16.4.3 friend declarations in class templates 655
16.4.4 queue and queue item friend declarations 658
16.4.5 member templates 660
16.4.6 the complete queue class 664
16.4.7 static members of class templates 665
16.5 ageneric handleclass 666
16.5.1 defining the handle class 667
16.5.2 using the handle 668
16.6 template specializations 671
16.6.1 specializing a function template 672
16.6.2 specializing a class template 675
16.6.3 specializing members but not the class 677
16.6.4 class-template partial specializations 678
16.7 overloading and function templates 679
chapter summary 683
defined terms 683
part v advanced topics 685
chapter 17 tools for large programs 687
17.1 exception handling 688
17.1.1 throwing an exception of class type 689
17.1.2 stack unwinding 691
17.1.3 catching an exception 693
17.1.4 rethrow 695
17.1.5 the catch-all handler 696
17.1.6 function try blocks and constructors 696
17.1.7 exception class hierarchies 697
17.1.8 automatic resource deallocation 700
17.1.9 the auto_ptrclass 702
17.1.10exception specifications 706
17.1.11function pointer exception specifications 711
17.2 namespaces 712
17.2.1 namespace definitions 712
17.2.2 nested namespaces 717
17.2.3 unnamed namespaces 718
17.2.4 using namespace members 720
17.2.5 classes,namespaces,and scope 724
17.2.6 overloading and namespaces 727
17.2.7 namespaces and templates 730
17.3 multiple and virtual inheritance 731
17.3.1 multiple inheritance 731
17.3.2 conversions and multiple base classes 734
17.3.3 copycontrol for multiply derived classes 737
17.3.4 class scopeunder multiple inheritance 737
17.3.5 virtual inheritance 740
17.3.6 virtual base class declaration 742
17.3.7 special initialization semantics 744
chapter summary 748
defined terms 748
chapter 18 specialized tools and techniques 753
18.1 optimizing memory allocation 754
18.1.1 memory allocation in c++ 754
18.1.2 the allocatorclass 755
18.1.3 operator new and operator delete functions 759
18.1.4 placement new expressions 761
18.1.5 explicit destructor invocation 762
18.1.6 class specific new and delete 763
18.1.7 a memory-allocator base class 766
18.2 run-time type identification 772
18.2.1 the dynamic_cast operator 773
18.2.2 the typeid operator 775
18.2.3 using rtti 777
18.2.4 the type_info class 779
18.3 pointer to class member 780
18.3.1 declaring a pointer to member 781
18.3.2 using a pointer to class member 783
18.4 nested classes 786
18.4.1 a nested-class implementation 787
18.4.2 name lookup in nested class scope 791
18.5 union: aspace-saving class 792
18.6 local classes 796
18.7 inherently nonportable features 797
18.7.1 bit-fields 798
18.7.2 volatile qualifier 799
18.7.3 linkage directives: extern "c" 801
chapter summary 805
defined terms 805
appendix a the library 809
a.1 librarynames and headers 810
a.2 a brief tour of the algorithms 811
a.2.1 algorithms to findan object 811
a.2.2 otherread-only algorithms 813
a.2.3 binary-search algorithms 814
a.2.4 algorithms that write container elements 815
a.2.5 partitioning and sorting algorithms 817
a.2.6 general reordering operations 818
a.2.7 permutation algorithms 820
a.2.8 set algorithms for sorted sequences 821
a.2.9 minimum and maximum values 822
a.2.10 numeric algorithms 823
a.3 the io library revisited 825
a.3.1 format state 825
a.3.2 many manipulators change the format state 825
a.3.3 controlling output formats 826
a.3.4 controlling input formatting 833
a.3.5 unformatted input/output operations 834
a.3.6 single-byte operations 834
a.3.7 multi-byte operations 835
a.3.8 random access to a stream 837
a.3.9 reading and writing to the same file 840
index ...843

.　　本版中我们独辟蹊径。一开始就讲述语言的基础知识和标准库，这样读者就可以写出比较大的有实际意义的程序来。透彻阐释了使用标准库（并且能用标准库编写了各种抽象程序）的基础知识之后，我们才进入下一步，学习用C++的其他高级特征，来编写自己的抽象。
　　第一和第二部分讨论语言的基础知识和标准库设施。其重点在于学会如何写C++程序，如何使用标准库提供的抽象设施。大部分C++程序员需要了解本书这两部分的内容。
　　除了讲解基础知识以外，这两部分还有另外一个重要的意图。标准库设施本身是用C++编写的抽象数据类型，定义标准库所任何C++程序员都能使用的构造类的语言特征。我们教授C++的经验说明，一开始就使用设计良好的抽象类型，读者会更容易理解如何建立自己的类型。
　　第三到第五部分着重讨论如何编写自己的类型。第三部分介绍C++的核心，即对类的支持。类机制提供了编写自定义抽象的基础。类也是第四部分中所讨论的面向对象编程和泛型编程的基础。全书正文的最后是第五部分，我们在这一部分讨论了一些高级特征，它们在构建大型复杂系统时最为常用。
　　致谢
　　与前几版一样，我们要感谢Bjarne Stroustrup，他不知疲倦地从事着C++方面的工作，他与我们的深厚友情由来以久。我们还要感谢Alex Stepanov，正是他最初凭借敏锐的洞察力创造了容器和算法的概念，这些概念最终形成了标准库的核心。此外，我们要感谢C++标准委员会的所有成员，他们多年来为C++澄清概念、细化标准和改进功能付出了艰苦的努力。
　　我们要衷心地感谢本书的审稿人，他们审阅了我们的多份书稿，帮助我们对本书进行了无数大大小小的修改。他们是Paul Abrahams、Michael Ball、Mary Dageforde、Paul DuBois、Matt Greenwood、Matthew P. Johnson、Andrew Koenig、Nevin Liber、Bill Locke、Robert Murray、Phil Romanik、Justin Shaw、Victor Shtern、Clovis Tondo、Daveed Vandevoorde和Steve Vinoski。
　　书中所有示例都已通过GNU和微软编译器的编译。感谢他们的开发者和所有开发其他C++编译器的人，是他们使C++变成现实。
　　最后，感谢Addison-Wesley的工作人员，他们引领了这一版的整个出版过程：Debbie Lafferty——我们最初的编辑，是他提出出版本书的新版，他从本书最初版本起就一直致力于本书；Peter Gordon——我们的新编辑，他坚持更新和精简本书内容，极大地改进了这一版本；Kim Boedigheimer——他保证了我们所有人能按进度工作；还有Tyrrell Albaugh、Jim Markham、Elizabeth Ryan和John Fuller，他们和我们一起经历了整个设计和制作过程。...