基本信息
编辑推荐
《计算机英语(第4版)》由刘艺、王春生等编*，本书是按照*新《大学英语教学大纲》对专业英语的要求，为开设计算机英语课程而编写的面向21世纪的教材。在满足计算机专业英语教学的同时，我们并没有过分沉溺于晦涩抽象的理论和专业术语之中，而是注重实际应用与调动学习兴趣。本书选材广泛，内容丰富，涉及计算机基础知识、硬件结构、程序设计、软件工程、应用开发、网络通信、信息安全、电子商务以及其他深刻影响着我们生活的信息技术。
内容简介
书籍
计算机书籍
《计算机英语（第4版）》涉及计算机与计算机科学的基础知识、计算机体系结构、计算机语言与编程、软件开发、软件过程、数据库、计算机网络、因特网、移动与云计算、计算机安全、计算机文化、电子商务等深刻影响我们生活的信息技术。《计算机英语（第4版）》以计算机领域英语时文和经典原版教材为基础，通过大量精心挑选的阅读材料，配以相应的注释和练习，使读者能够快速掌握计算机领域的大量专业词汇以及相关的语法等，并提高阅读和检索计算机原版文献资料的能力。
《计算机英语（第4版）》选材广泛、图文并茂，采用双色印刷，极大方便了读者的学习和查阅。书后还附有词汇表和缩略语表。《计算机英语（第4版）》可作为高等院校计算机及相关专业“计算机英语”课程的教材，也可供参加计算机水平考试的考生、IT行业的工程技术人员以及其他有需要的读者学习参考。
计算机书籍
《计算机英语（第4版）》涉及计算机与计算机科学的基础知识、计算机体系结构、计算机语言与编程、软件开发、软件过程、数据库、计算机网络、因特网、移动与云计算、计算机安全、计算机文化、电子商务等深刻影响我们生活的信息技术。《计算机英语（第4版）》以计算机领域英语时文和经典原版教材为基础，通过大量精心挑选的阅读材料，配以相应的注释和练习，使读者能够快速掌握计算机领域的大量专业词汇以及相关的语法等，并提高阅读和检索计算机原版文献资料的能力。
《计算机英语（第4版）》选材广泛、图文并茂，采用双色印刷，极大方便了读者的学习和查阅。书后还附有词汇表和缩略语表。《计算机英语（第4版）》可作为高等院校计算机及相关专业“计算机英语”课程的教材，也可供参加计算机水平考试的考生、IT行业的工程技术人员以及其他有需要的读者学习参考。
目录
前言
使用说明
Unit 1 Computer and Computer Science（计算机与计算机科学）
Section A Computer Overview
Section B What Is Computer Science
Section C Categories of Computers
Unit 2 Computer Architecture（计算机体系结构）
Section A Computer Hardware
Section B Components of an Operating System
Section C System Organization
Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming（计算机语言与编程）
Section A Programming Language
Section B The Java Language
Section C Arrays
Unit 4 Software Development（软件开发）
Section A Computer Program
Section B Model Driven Development
Section C Distributed Systems
Unit 5 Software Process（软件过程）
Section A Software Process Models
使用说明
Unit 1 Computer and Computer Science（计算机与计算机科学）
Section A Computer Overview
Section B What Is Computer Science
Section C Categories of Computers
Unit 2 Computer Architecture（计算机体系结构）
Section A Computer Hardware
Section B Components of an Operating System
Section C System Organization
Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming（计算机语言与编程）
Section A Programming Language
Section B The Java Language
Section C Arrays
Unit 4 Software Development（软件开发）
Section A Computer Program
Section B Model Driven Development
Section C Distributed Systems
Unit 5 Software Process（软件过程）
Section A Software Process Models
前言
英语作为计算机及IT业的行业性语言，有着其他语言所不能替代的功能。无论是学习最新的计算机技术，还是使用最新的计算机软硬件产品，都离不开对计算机英语的熟练掌握。正是为了适应这种要求，不少有实力、有远见的院校纷纷开设了计算机英语课。有些院校不仅把它作为计算机专业的必修课，还将其作为一门实用的选修课推广到其他专业。
本书是按照最新《大学英语教学大纲》对专业英语的要求，为开设计算机英语课程而编写的面向21世纪的教材。在满足计算机专业英语教学的同时，我们并没有过分沉溺于晦涩抽象的理论和专业术语之中，而是注重实际应用与调动学习兴趣。本书选材广泛，内容丰富，涉及计算机基础知识、硬件结构、程序设计、软件工程、应用开发、网络通信、信息安全、电子商务以及其他深刻影响着我们生活的信息技术。
值得一提的是，我们编写出版的《计算机英语》深受读者喜爱，已被全国上百所高校采用。经过12年来的多次修订改版，已经在全国热销了20万册，作为计算机专业英语教材其销量在同类图书中一直领先。为不断保持教学创新，跟踪计算机英语的发展，本教材与时俱进，不断升级完善。第4版更新了约1/4的文章和练习，并加强了教辅和售后服务。这次经过全面修订的《计算机英语（第4版）》更加适应深化计算机英语教学改革的需要。
这次修订主要完成以下工作：
课文更新 第4版替换了内容过时或不太合适的课文，约占全书总篇幅的1/4。新增的课文紧跟技术潮流，把握主流趋势。既有涉及云计算这样的最新时文，也有关于计算机科学的经典论述。借此也引入了大量新的技术术语和缩略语，为读者尽快独立阅读英文资料，融入英文技术社区提供帮助。
对保留的课文进行修改 在本次修订中，我们对一些保留课文中的疏漏进行了改正，调整了部分注解，使之更加贴切。
保持全书的体系结构 本书参考ACM推荐的CS0、CS1、CS2课程体系，并保持第3版的12个教学单元不变。新版中去除了过时的文章，并调整和优化了内容结构，新增了移动与云计算单元。
本书在出版过程中得到机械工业出版社华章分社的鼎力支持，同时谈亮、刘春花、洪蕾、王珊珊、蒋丹丹、蔡敏、徐大琴、吴英等也为本书的编写和顺利出版付出了心血，在此一并表示感谢！
尽管本书在编写过程中，在资料的查核、术语的汉译、生词的注音以及文字的规范等方面都做了大量工作，但由于计算机领域的发展日新月异，许多新术语尚无确定的规范译法，加上编者水平有限，书中难免有不尽如人意之处，恳请广大读者不吝赐教。
编 者
2013年2月于南京
E-mail: book4u@sina.com
计算机英语BBS: http://www.xici.net/b1119133/
本书是按照最新《大学英语教学大纲》对专业英语的要求，为开设计算机英语课程而编写的面向21世纪的教材。在满足计算机专业英语教学的同时，我们并没有过分沉溺于晦涩抽象的理论和专业术语之中，而是注重实际应用与调动学习兴趣。本书选材广泛，内容丰富，涉及计算机基础知识、硬件结构、程序设计、软件工程、应用开发、网络通信、信息安全、电子商务以及其他深刻影响着我们生活的信息技术。
值得一提的是，我们编写出版的《计算机英语》深受读者喜爱，已被全国上百所高校采用。经过12年来的多次修订改版，已经在全国热销了20万册，作为计算机专业英语教材其销量在同类图书中一直领先。为不断保持教学创新，跟踪计算机英语的发展，本教材与时俱进，不断升级完善。第4版更新了约1/4的文章和练习，并加强了教辅和售后服务。这次经过全面修订的《计算机英语（第4版）》更加适应深化计算机英语教学改革的需要。
这次修订主要完成以下工作：
课文更新 第4版替换了内容过时或不太合适的课文，约占全书总篇幅的1/4。新增的课文紧跟技术潮流，把握主流趋势。既有涉及云计算这样的最新时文，也有关于计算机科学的经典论述。借此也引入了大量新的技术术语和缩略语，为读者尽快独立阅读英文资料，融入英文技术社区提供帮助。
对保留的课文进行修改 在本次修订中，我们对一些保留课文中的疏漏进行了改正，调整了部分注解，使之更加贴切。
保持全书的体系结构 本书参考ACM推荐的CS0、CS1、CS2课程体系，并保持第3版的12个教学单元不变。新版中去除了过时的文章，并调整和优化了内容结构，新增了移动与云计算单元。
本书在出版过程中得到机械工业出版社华章分社的鼎力支持，同时谈亮、刘春花、洪蕾、王珊珊、蒋丹丹、蔡敏、徐大琴、吴英等也为本书的编写和顺利出版付出了心血，在此一并表示感谢！
尽管本书在编写过程中，在资料的查核、术语的汉译、生词的注音以及文字的规范等方面都做了大量工作，但由于计算机领域的发展日新月异，许多新术语尚无确定的规范译法，加上编者水平有限，书中难免有不尽如人意之处，恳请广大读者不吝赐教。
编 者
2013年2月于南京
E-mail: book4u@sina.com
计算机英语BBS: http://www.xici.net/b1119133/
书摘
Unit 1 Computer and Computer Science
（计算机与计算机科学）
Section A
Computer Overview
I. Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.
The modern world of high technology could not have come about1 except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow’s weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.2 The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy. Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of the price of modern technology.
II. History
The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was devised in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blaise Pascal3. This device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz4 improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard5, in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith6 conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquard’s boards, for processing data. Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.
1. The Analytical Engine
Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage7 worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron8, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. One of Babbage’s designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record.9 Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date.
2. Early Computers
Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. Numerical approximations of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machines. Lord Kelvin10 built a mechanical tide predictor that was a specialized analogue computer. During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River11 basin.
3. Electronic Computers
During World War II, a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus12. By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated 1,500 vacuum tubes, was operational. It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing13, in the largely successful attempt to crack German radio messages enciphered in the Enigma code14.
Independently of this, in the United States, a prototype electronic machine had been built as early as 1939, by John Atanasoff15 and Clifford Berry16 at Iowa State College17. This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC18) in 1945. ENIAC was granted a patent, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
Figure 1A-1: ENIAC was one of the first fully electronic digital computers.
ENIAC (see Figure 1A-1) contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but originally its program was wired into the processor19 and had to be manually altered. Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann20. The instructions, like the data, were stored within a “memory”, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer.
The use of the transistor in computers in the late 1950s marked the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile logical elements than were possible with vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use much less power and have a much longer life, this development alone was responsible for the improved machines called second-generation computers. Components became smaller, as did inter-component spacings, and the system became much less expensive to build.
（计算机与计算机科学）
Section A
Computer Overview
I. Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.
The modern world of high technology could not have come about1 except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow’s weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.2 The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy. Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of the price of modern technology.
II. History
The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was devised in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blaise Pascal3. This device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz4 improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard5, in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith6 conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquard’s boards, for processing data. Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.
1. The Analytical Engine
Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage7 worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron8, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. One of Babbage’s designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record.9 Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date.
2. Early Computers
Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. Numerical approximations of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machines. Lord Kelvin10 built a mechanical tide predictor that was a specialized analogue computer. During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River11 basin.
3. Electronic Computers
During World War II, a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus12. By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated 1,500 vacuum tubes, was operational. It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing13, in the largely successful attempt to crack German radio messages enciphered in the Enigma code14.
Independently of this, in the United States, a prototype electronic machine had been built as early as 1939, by John Atanasoff15 and Clifford Berry16 at Iowa State College17. This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC18) in 1945. ENIAC was granted a patent, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
Figure 1A-1: ENIAC was one of the first fully electronic digital computers.
ENIAC (see Figure 1A-1) contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but originally its program was wired into the processor19 and had to be manually altered. Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann20. The instructions, like the data, were stored within a “memory”, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer.
The use of the transistor in computers in the late 1950s marked the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile logical elements than were possible with vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use much less power and have a much longer life, this development alone was responsible for the improved machines called second-generation computers. Components became smaller, as did inter-component spacings, and the system became much less expensive to build.
