系统程序设计和操作系统（第2版修订版）（英文影印版）

. 4. i elements of assembly language programming 86
4.2 a simple assembly scheme 91
4.3 pass structure of assemblers 94
4.4 design of a two pass assembler 95
4.5 a single pass assembler for ibm pc ill
bibliography l30
5 macros and macro processors
5. l macro definition and call 132
5.2 macro expansion 133
5.3 nested macro calls 137
5.4 advanced macro facilities 138
5.5 design of a macro preprocessor 145
bibliography 161
6 compilers and interpreters
6. i aspects of compilation 162
6.2 memory allocation 165
6.3 compilation of expressions 180
6.4 compilation of control structures 192
6.5 code optimization 199
6.6 interpreters 212
bibliography 218
7 linkers
7. 1 relocation and linking concepts 223
7.2 design of a linker 228
7.3 self-relocating programs 232
7.4 a linker for ms dos 233
7.5 linking for overlays 245
7.6 loaders 248
bibliography 248
8 software tnols
8.1 software tools for program development 250
8.2 editors 257
8.3 debug monitors 260
8.4 programming environments 262
8.5 user interfaces 264
bibliography 269
part ii: operating systems
9 evolutinn of os functions
9.1 os functions 273
9.2 evolution of os functions 276
9.3 batch processing systems 277
9.4 multiprogramming systems 287
9.5 time sharing systems 305
9.6 real time operating systems 311
9.7 os structure 313
bibliography 31 7
id processes
io. i process definition 320
io.2 process control 322
lo.3 interacting processes 327
1o.4 implementation of interacting processes 332
1o.5 threads 336
bibliography 342
11 scheduling
11 .1 scheduling policies 343
11 .2 job scheouling 351
11 .3 process scheduling 353
11 .4 process management in unix 365
1l .5 scheduling io multiprocessor os 366
bibliography 368
12 deadlocks
12.1 definitions 37j
12.2 resource status modelling 372
i2.3 handling deadlocks 377
l2.4 deadlock detection and resolution 383
l2.5 deadlock avoidance 386
i2.6 mixed approach to deadlock handling 393
bibliography 395
13 ptocess synchronization
13. i impiementing control synchronization 396
13.2 critical sections 399
13.3 classical process synchronization problems 408
13.4 evolution of language features for process synchronization 411
13.5 semaphores 413
13.6 critical regions 419
13.7 conditional critical regions 422
13.8 monitors 426
13.9 concurrent programming in ada 437
bibliography 443
14 interprocess communication
14. i interprocess messages 447
14.2 implementation issues 448
14.3 mailboxes 454
14.4 interprocess messages in unix 456
14.5 interprocess messages in mach 458
bibliography 459
15 memory management
15. i memory allocation preliminaries 461
l5.2 contiguous memory allocation 471
15.3 noncontiguous memory allocation 479
15.4 virtual memory using paging 482
l5.5 virtual memory using segmentation 511
bibliography 5 l 8
16 io organization and io programming
16.i io organization 522
16.2 io devices 526
16.3 physical iocs (piocs) 529
16.4 fundamental file organizations 542
16.5 advanced io programming 544
16.6 logical iocs 552
16.7 file processing in unix 560
bibliography 560
17 file systems
17. 1 directory structures 563
17.2 file protection 569
17.3 allocation of disk space 569
l7.4 implementing file access 571
17.5 file sharing 576
17.6 file system reliability 578
17.7 the unix file system 584
bibliography 587
18 protection and security
18.i encryption of data 588
18.2 protection and security mechanisms 591
18.3 protection of user files 592
18.4 capabilities 596
hibliography 603
19 distributed operating systems
19. i oennition and examples 605
19.2 design issues in distributed operating systems 608
19.3 networking issues 611
19.4 communication protocols 615
19.5 system state and event precedence 619
19.6 resource allocation 622
19.7 algorilhms for distributed control 624
19.8 file systems 633
19.9 reliabiliry 637
19.1o security 643
blbliography 649
index

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　　 Preface to the First Edition
　　 This book has grown out of an earlier book Introduction to System Software published in 1986, which addressed the recommended curricula in Systems Programming (courses 14 of ACM curriculum 68 and CS-Il of ACM curriculum 77), and Operating Systems and Computer Architecture (courses CS-6, 7 of ACM curriculum 77 and SE-6, 7 of IEEE curriculum 77). The present book offers a much expanded coverage of the same subject area and also incorporates the recommendations of the ACM-IEEE joint curriculum task force (Computing Curriculum 1991). The contents have also been updated to keep pace with the developments in the field, and the changing emphasis in the teaching of these courses. An example is the way courses titled Systems Programming are taught today. As against the 'mostly theory' approach of the previous decade, today the emphasis is on a familiarity with the necessary theory and available software tools. The instructors of these courses have the hard task of finding instructional material on both these aspects. One of the aims of this book is to cater for this requirement through the incorporation of a large number of examples and case studies of the widely used operating systems and software tools available in the field. Treatment of the standard components of system software, viz.
　　 assemblers and loaders, is now aimed at the IBM PC. Due to the wide availability of the IBM PC, this makes it possible for students to appreciate the finer aspects in the design of these software components. Case studies of UNIX and UNIX based tools, viz. LEX and YACC, are similarly motivated.
　　 Organization of the book
　　 This book is organized in two Parts-Systems Programming and Operating Systems. The Part on Systems Programming introduces the fundamental models of the processing of an HLL program for execution on a computer system, after which separate chapters deal with different kinds of software processors, viz. assemblers, compilers, interpreters and loaders. Each chapter contains examples and case studies so as to offer a comprehensive coverage of the subject matter.
　　 Part II of the book is devoted to an in-depth study of operating systems. The introductory chapter of this Part, Chapter 7, identifies the fundamental functions and techniqaes common to all operating systems. Chapters 8, 9 and 1O offer a detailed treatment of the processor management, storage management and information management functions of the operating systems. These chapters contain motivating discussions, case studies and a set ofexercises which would encourage a student to delve deeper into the subject area. Chapter II is devoted to an important area of the study of operating systems, that of concurrent programming. Evolution of the primitives and contemporary language features for concurrent programming is presented so as to develop an insight into the essentials of concurrent programming. A case study of a disk manager consolidates the material covered in this chapter. Chapter 12, which is on distributed operating systems, motivates theadditional functionalities that de-volve on the operating system due to the distributed environment. This chapter is intended as a primer on distributed operating systems. A detailed treatment has not been possible due to space constraints.
　　 Using this book
　　 This book can be used for the courses on Systems programming (or System software)at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. and for an undergraduate course on Operating systems. For the former, Part I of the book, together with Chapter 7 from Part II, contains the necessary material. Additionally, parts of Chapter I2 could be used as read-for-yoorself material. For a course on operating systems, Part II of the book contains the necessary material .
　　 In the courses based on this book, use of concurrently running design-and-implementation projects should be mandatory. Typical project topics would be the development of compilers and interpreters using LEX and YACC, concurrent programming projects.
　　 development of OS device drivers, etc.
　　 Apart from ase as a text. this book can also be used in the professional computer environment as a reference book or as a text for the enhancement of skills, for new entrants to tbe field as well as for software managers.
　　 The motivation for writing this book comes from the experience in teaching various courses in the area of system software. I thank all my students for their vital contribution to this book.
　　 DM DHAhtDHERE