数据库系统基础:高级篇(英文注释版 第4版)(讲述数据库系统原理的经典教材)

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.　　●Chapter 26 is a new chapter on XML (eXtended Markup Language), and how it is related to accessing relational databases over the Intemet.
　　● The material on data mining and data warehousing (Chapter 26 of the third edition) has been separated into two chapters. Chapter 27 on data mining has been expanded and updated.
　　Contents of This Edition
　　Part 1 describes the basic concepts necessary for a good understanding of database designand implementation, as well as the conceptual modeling techniques used in database sys-tems. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce databases, their typical users, and DBMS concepts, ter-minology, and architecture. In Chapter 3, the concepts of the Entity-Relationship (ER)model and ER diagrams are presented and used to illustrate conceptual database design.Chapter 4 focuses on data abstraction and semantic data modeling concepts and extendsthe ER model to incorporate these ideas, leading to the enhanced-ER (EER) data modeland EER diagrams. The concepts presented include subclasses, specialization, generaliza-tion, and union types (categories). The notation for the class diagrams of UML are alsointroduced in Chapters 3 and 4.
　　Part 2 describes the relational data model and relational DBMSs. Chapter 5 describesthe basic relational model, its integrity constraints and update operations. Chapter 6describes the operations of the relational algebra and introduces the relational calculus.Chapter 7 discusses relational database design using ER and EER-to-relational mapping.Chapter 8 gives a detailed overview of the SQL language, covering the SQL standard,which is implemented in most relational systems. Chapter 9 covers SQL programmingtopics such as SQLJ, J DBC, and SQL/CLI.
　　Part 3 covers several topics related to database design. Chapters 10 and 11 cover theformalisms, theories, and algorithms developed for the relational database design by nor-malization. This material includes functional and other types of dependencies and normalforms of relations. Step-by-step intuitive normalization is presented in Chapter 10, andrelational design algorithms are given in Chapter 11, which also defines other types ofdependencies, such as multivalued and join dependencies. Chapter 12 presents an over-view of the different phases of the database design process for medium-sized and largeapplications, using UML.
　　Part 4 starts with a description of the physical file structures and access methods usedin database systems. Chapter 13 describes primary methods of organizing files of recordson disk, including static and dynamic hashing. Chapter 14 describes indexing techniquesfor files, including B-tree and B+-tree data structures and grid files. Chapter 15 introducesthe basics of query processing and optimization, and Chapter 16 discusses physical data-base design and tuning.
　　Part 5 discusses transaction processing, concurrency control, and recovery tech-niques, including discussions of how these concepts are realized in SQL.
　　Part 6 gives a comprehensive introduction to object databases and object-relationalsystems. Chapter 20 introduces object-oriented concepts. Chapter 21 gives a detailedoverview of the ODMG object model and its associated DL and QL languages. Chapter22 describes how relational databases are being extended to include object-oriented con-cepts and presents the features of object-relational systems, as well as giving an overviewof some of the features of the SQL3 standard, and the nested relational data model.
　　Parts 7 and 8 cover a number of advanced topics. Chapter 23 gives an overview ofdatabase security and authorization, including the SQL commands to GRANT andREVOKE privileges, and expanded coverage on security concepts such as encryption,roles, and flow control. Chapter 24 introduces several enhanced database models foradvanced applications. These include active databases and triggers, temporal, spatial, mul-timedia, and deductive databases. Chapter 25 gives an introduction to distributed data-bases and the three-tier client-server architecture. Chapter 26 is a new chapter on XML(eXtended Markup Language). It first discusses the differences between structured, semi-structured, and unstructured models, then presents XML concepts, and finally comparesthe XML model to traditional database models. Chapter 27 on data mining has beenexpanded and updated. Chapter 28 introduces data warehousing concepts. Finally, Chap-ter 29 gives introductions to the topics of mobile databases, multimedia databases, GIS(Geographic Information Systems), and Genome data management in bioinformatics. ..
　　Appendix A gives a number of alternative diagrammatic notations for displaying a con-ceptual ER or EER schema. These may be substituted for the notation we use, if the instructorso wishes. Appendix C gives some important physical parameters of disks. Appendixes B, E,and F are on the web site. Appendix B is a new case study that follows the design and imple-mentation of a bookstore's database. Appendixes E and F cover legacy database systems,based on the network and hierarchical database models. These have been used for overthirty years as a basis for many existing commercial database applications and transaction-processing systems and will take decades to replace completely. We consider it important toexpose students of database management to these long-standing approaches. Full chaptersfrom the third edition can be found on the web site for this edition.
　　Guidelines for Using This Book
　　There are many different ways to teach a database course. The chapters in Parts 1 through15 can be used in an introductory course on database systems in the order that they aregiven or in the preferred order of each individual instructor. Selected chapters and sec-tions may be left out, and the instructor can add other chapters from the rest of the book,depending on the emphasis of the course. At the end of each chapter's opening section,we list sections that are candidates for being left out whenever a less detailed discussion ofthe topic in a particular chapter is desired. We suggest covering up to Chapter 14 in anintroductory database course and including selected parts of other chapters, depending onthe background of the students and the desired coverage. For an emphasis on systemimplementation techniques, chapters from Parts 4 and 5 can be included.
　　Chapters 3 and 4, which cover conceptual modeling using the ER and EER models, areimportant for a good conceptual understanding of databases. However, they may be par-tially covered, covered later in a course, or even left out if the emphasis is on DBMS imple-mentation. Chapters 13 and 14 on file organizations and indexing may also be coveredearly on, later, or even left out if the emphasis is on database models and languages. Forstudents who have already taken a course on file organization, parts of these chapterscould be assigned as reading material or some exercises may be assigned to review theconcepts.
　　A total life-cycle database design and implementation project covers conceptualdesign (Chapters 3 and 4), data model mapping (Chapter 7), normalization (Chapter10), and implementation in SQL (Chapter 9). Additional documentation on the specificRDBMS would be required.
　　The book has been written so that it is possible to cover topics in a variety of orders.The chart included here shows the major dependencies between chapters. As the diagramillustrates, It Is possible to start with several different topics following the first two intro-ductory chapters. Although the chart may seem complex, it is important to note that ifthe chapters are covered in order, the dependencies are not lost. The chart can be con-sulted by instructors wishing to use an alternative order of presentation.
　　For a single-semester course based on this book, some chapters can be assigned as read-ing material. Parts 4, 7, and 8 can be considered for such an assignment. The book can alsobe used for a two-semester sequence. The first course, "Introduction to Database Design/Systems," at the sophomore, junior, or senior level, could cover most of Chapters 1 to 14.The second course, "Database Design and Implementation Techniques," at the senior orfirst-year graduate level, can cover Chapters 15 to 28. Chapters from Parts 7 and 8 can beused selectively in either semester, and material describing the DBMS available to the stu-dents at the local institution can be covered in addition to the material in the book.
　　Supplemental Materials
　　The supplements to this book have been significantly revised. With Addison-Wesley'sDatabase Place there is a robust set of interactive reference materials to help studentswith their study of modeling, normalization, and SQL. Each tutorial asks students to solveproblems (such as writing an SQL query, drawing an ER diagram or normalizing a rela-tion), and then provides useful feedback based on the student's solution. Addison-Wesley's Database Place helps students master the key concepts of all database courses.For more information visit aw.com/databaseplace.
　　In addition the following supplements are available to all readers of this book atwww.aw.com/cssupport.
　　●Additional content: This includes a new Case Study on the design and implementa- tion of a bookstore's database as well as chapters from previous editions that are not included in the fourth edition.
　　●A set of PowerPoint lecture notes
　　A solutions manual is also available to qualified instructors. Please contact your localAddison-Wesley sales representative, or send e-mail to aw.cse@aw.com, for informationon how to access it.
　　Acknowledgements
　　It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of a large number of individuals to this effort. First, we would like to thank our editors, Maite Suarez-Rivas, Katherine Harutunian, Daniel Rausch, and Juliet S ilveri. In particular we would liketo acknowledge the efforts and help of Katherine Harutunian, our primary contact for thefourth edition. We would like to acknowledge also those persons who have contributed tothe fourth edition. We appreciated the contributions of the following reviewers: Phil Bem-hard, Florida Tech; Zhengxin Chen, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Jan Chomicki, Univer-sity of Buffalo; Hakan Ferhatosmanoglu, Ohio State University; Len Fisk, California StateUniversity, Chico; William Hankley, Kansas State University; Ali R. Hurson, Penn State Uni-versity; Vijay Kumar, University of Missouri-Kansas City; Peretz Shoval, Ben-Gurion Univer-sity, Israel; Jason T. L. Wang, New Jersey Institute of Technology; and Ed Omiecinski of Georoa Tech, who contributed to Chapter 27.
　　Ramez Elmasri would like to thank his students Hyoil Han, Babak Hojabri, Jack Fu,Charley Li, Ande Swathi, and Steven Wu, who contributed to the material in Chapter26. He would also like to acknowledge the support provided by the University of Texas atArlington.
　　Sham Navathe would like to acknowledge Dan Forsythe and the following studentsat Georgia Tech: Weimin Feng, Angshuman Guin, Abrar UI-Haque, Bin giu, Ying Liu,Wanxia Xie and Waigen Yee.
　　We would like to repeat our thanks to those who have reviewed and contributed toprevious editions of Fundamentals of Database Systems. For the first edition these individu-als include Alan Apt (editor), Don Batory, Scott Downing, Dennis Heimbinger, JuliaHodges, Yannis Ioannidis, Jim Larson, Dennis McLeod, Per-Ake Larson, Rahul PatelNicholas Roussopoulos, David Stemple, Michael Stonebraker, Frank Tompa, and Kyu Young Whang; for the second edition they include Dan Joraanstad (editor), Raft Ahmed,Antonio Albano, David Beech, Jose Blakeley, Panos Chrysanthis, Suzanne Dietrich, VicGhorpadey, Goetz Graefe, Eric Hanson, Junguk g. Kim, Roger King, Vram Kouramajian,Vijay Kumar, John gowther, Sanjay Manchanda, Toshimi Minoura, Inderpal Mumick, EdOmiecinski, Girish Pathak, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Ed Robertson, Eugene Sheng, DavidStotts, Marianne Winslett, and Stan Zdonick. For the third edition they include SuzanneDietrich, Ed Omiecinski, Raft Ahmed, Francois Bancilhon, Jose Blakeley, Rick Cattell,Ann Chervenak, David W. Embley, Henry A. Etlinger, Leonidas Fegaras, Dan Forsyth,Farshad Fotouhl, Michael Franklin, Sreejith Gopinath, Goetz Craefe, Richard Hull,Sushil Jajodia, Ramesh K. Karne, Harish Kotbagi, Vijay Kumar, Tarcisio Lima, Ramon A.Mata-Toledo, Jack McCaw, Dennis McLeod, Rokia Missaoui, Magdi Morsi, M. Naraya-naswamy, Carlos Ordonez, Joan Peckham, Betty Salzberg, Ming-Chien Shan, JunpingSun, Rajshekhar Sunderraman, Aravindan Veerasamy, and Emilia E. Villareal.
　　Last but not least, we gratefully acknowledge the support, encouragement, andpatience of our families. ...
　　R.E.
　　S.B.N.