C语言教程（英文版·第4版）

Pointers
1．9 Files
1.10 Operating System Considerations
Writing and Running a C Program
Interrupting a Program
Typing an End-of-file Signal
Redirection of the Input and the Output
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2
Lexical Elements, Operators, and the C System
2.1 Characters and Lexical Elements
2.2 Syntax Rules
2.3 Comments
2.4 Keywords
2.5 Identifiers
2.6 Constants
2.7 String Constants
2.8 Operators and Punctuators
2.9 Precedence and Associativity of Operators
2.10 Increment and Decrement Operators
2.11 Assignment Operators
2.12 An Example: Computing Powers of 2
2.13 The C System
The Preprocessor
The Standard Library
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 3
The Fundamental Data Types
3.1 Declarations, Expressions, and Assignment
3.2 The Fundamental Data Types
3.3 Characters and the Data Type char
3.4 The Data Type int
3.5 The integral Types short, long, and unsigned
3.6 The Floating Types
3.7 The Use of typedef
3.8 The sizeof Operator
3.9 The Use of getchar() and putchar()
3.10 Mathematical Functions
The Use of abs() and fabs()
UNIX and the Mathematics Library
3.11 Conversions and Casts
The Integral Promotions
The Usual Arithmetic Conversions
Casts
3.12 Hexadecimal and Octal Constants
C.13 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4
Flow of Control
4.1 Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators
4.2 Relational Operators and Expressions
4.3 Equality Operators and Expressions
4.4 Logical Operators and Expressions
Short-circuit Evaluation
4.5 The Compound Statement
4.6 The Expression and Empty Statement
4.7 The if and the if-else Statements
4.8 The while Statement
4.9 The for Statement
4.10 An Example: Boolean Variables
4.11 The Comma Operator
4.12 The do Statement
4.13 An Example: Fibonacci Numbers
4.14 The goto Statement
4.15 The break and continue Statements
4.16 The switch Statement
4.17 The Conditional Operator
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5
Functions
5.1 Function Definition
5.2 The return Statement
5.3 Function Prototypes
Function Prototypes in C++
5.4 An Example: Creating a Table of Powers
5.5 Function Declarations from the Compiler's Viewpoint
Limitations
5.6 An Alternate Style for Function Definition Order
5.7 Function Invocation and Call-by-Value
5.8 Developing a Large Program
What Constitutes a Large Program?
5.9 Using Assertions
5.10 Scope Rules
Parallel and Nested Blocks
Using a Block for Debugging
5.11 Storage Classes
The Storage Class auto
The Storage Class extern
The Storage Class register
The Storage Class static
5.12 Static External Variables
5.13 Default Initialization
5.14 Recu rsion
Efficiency Considerations
5.15 An Example: The Towers of Hanoi
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 6
Arrays, Pointers, and Strings
6.1 One-dimensional Arrays
Initialization
Subscripting
6.2 Pointers
6.3 Call-by-Reference
6.4 The Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers
6.5 Pointer Arithmetic and Element Size
6.6 Arrays as Function Arguments
6.7 An Example: Bubble Sort
6.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation With calloc() and malloc()
Offsetting the Pointer
6.9 An Example: Merge and Merge Sort
6.10 Strings
6.11 String-Handling Functions in the Standard Library
6.12 Multidimensional Arrays
Two-dimensional Arrays
The Storage Mapping Function
Formal Parameter Declarations
Three-dimensional Arrays
Initialization
The Use of typedef
6.13 Arrays of Pointers
6.14 Arguments to main()
6.15 Ragged Arrays
6.16 Functions as Arguments
Functions as Formal Parameters in Function Prototypes
6.17 An Example: Using Bisection to Find the Root of a Function
The Kepler Equation
6.18 Arrays of Pointers to Function
6.19 The Type Qualifiers const and volati 1 e
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 7
Bitwise Operators and Enumeration Types
7.1 Bitwise Operators and Expressions
Bitwise Complement
Two's Complement
Bitwise Binary Logical Operators
Left and Right Shift Operators
7.2 Masks
7.3 Software Tools: Printing an int Bitwise
7.4 Packing and Unpacking
Multibyte Character Constants
7.5 Enumeration Types
7.6 An Example: The Game of Paper, Rock, Scissors
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 8
The Preprocessor
8.1 The Use of #include
8.2 The Use of #define
Syntactic Sugar
8.3 Macros with Arguments
8.4 The Type Definitions and Macros in stddef, h
8.5 An Example: Sorting with qsort()
8.6 An Example: Macros with Arguments
8.7 The Macros in stdio, h and ctype.h
8.8 Conditional Compilation
8.9 The Predefined Macros
8.10 The Operators # and ##
8.11 The assert() Macro
8.1 2 The Use of #error and #pragma
8.1 3 Line Numbers
8.14 Corresponding Functions
8.15 An Example: Quicksort
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 9
Structures and Unions
9.1 Structures
9.2 Accessing Members of a Structure
9.3 Operator Precedence and Associativity: A Final Look
9.4 Using Structures with Functions
9.5 Initialization of Structures
9.6 An Example: Playing Poker
9.7 Unions
9.8 Bit Fields
9.9 An Example: Accessing Bits and Bytes
9.10 The ADT Stack
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 10
Structures and List Processing
10.1 Self-referential Structures
10.2 Linear Linked Lists
Storage Allocation
10.3 List Operations
10.4 Some List Processing Functions
Insertion
Deletion
10.5 Stacks
10.6 An Example: Polish Notation and Stack Evaluation
10.7 Queues
10.8 Binary Trees
Binary Tree Traversal
Creating Trees
10.9 General Linked Lists
Traversal
The Use of calloc() and Building Trees
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 1 1
Input/Output and the Operating System
1 1.1 The Output Function printfO
11.2 The Input FunctionscanfO
11.3 The FunctionsfprintfO, fscanf(),sprintfO,
and sscanf()
11.4 The Functionsfopen() and fcloseO
11.5 An Example: Double Spacing a File
11.6 Using Temporary Files and Graceful Functions
11.7 Accessing a File Randomly
11.8 File Descriptor Input/Output
11.9 File Access Permissions
11.10 Executing Commands from Within a C Program
11.11 Using Pipes from Within a C Program
11.12 Environment Variables
11.13 The C Compiler
11.14 Using the Profiler
11.15 Libraries
11.16 How to TimeCCode
11.17 The Use of make
11.18 The Use of touch
11.19 Other Useful Tools
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 12
Advanced Applications
12.1 Creating a Concurrent Process with fork()
12.2 Overlaying a Process: the exec... () Family
Using the spawn...() Family
12.3 Interprocess Communication Using pi pe()
12.4 Signals
1 2.5 An Example: The Dining Philosophers
1 2.6 Dynamic Allocation of Matrices
Why Arrays of Arrays Are Inadequate
Building Matrices with Arrays of Pointers
Adjusting the Subscript Range
Allocating All the Memory at Once
1 2.7 Returning the Status
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 13
Moving from C to C++
13.1 Output
13.2 Input
13.3 Functions
13.4 Classes and Abstract Data Types
13.5 Overloading
13.6 Constructors and Destructors
13.7 Object-oriented Programming and Inheritance
13.8 Polymorphism
13.9 Templates
13.10 C++ Exceptions
13.11 Benefits of Object-oriented Programming
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 14
Moving from C to Java
14.1 Output
14.2 Variables and Types
14.3 Classes and Abstract Data Types
14.4 Overloading
14.5 Construction and Destruction of Class Types
14.6 Object-oriented Programming and Inheritance
14.7 Polymorphism and Overriding Methods
14.8 Applets
14.9 Java Exceptions
14.10 Benefits of Java and OOP
Summary
Exercises
Appendix A
The Standard Library
A.1 Diagnostics: [assert.h]
A.2 Character Handling: [ctype. h]
Testing a Character
Mapping a Character
A.3 Errors: [errno. h]
A.4 Floating Limits: [float. h]
A.5 Integral Limits: [limits.h]
A.6 Localization: [locale.h]
A.7 Mathematics: [math. h]
A.8 Nonlocal Jumps: [setjmp. h]
A.9 Signal Handling: [signal .h]
A. 10 Variable Arguments: [stdarg.h]
A. 11 Common Definitions: [stddef.h]
A. 12 Input/Output: [stdio. h]
Opening, Closing, and Conditioning a File
Accessing the File Position Indicator
Error Handling
Character Input/Output
Formatted Input/Output
Direct Input/Output
Removing or Renaming a File
A.13 General Utilities:[stdlib.h]
Dynamic Allocation of Memory
Searching and Sorting
Pseudo Random-Number Generator
Communicating with the Environment
Integer Arithmetic
String Conversion
Multibyte Character Functions
Multibyte String Functions
Leaving the Program
A.14 Memory and String Handling: [string.h]
Memory-Handling Functions
String-Handling Functions
A.15 Date and Time: [time. h]
Accessing the Clock
Accessing the Time
A.16 Miscellaneous
File Access
Using File Descriptors
Creating a Concurrent Process
Overlaying a Process
Interprocess Communication
Suspending Program Execution
Appendix B
Language Syntax
B.1 Prog ram
B.2 Function Definition
B.3 Declaration
B.4 Statement
B.5 Expression
B.6 Constant
B.7 String Literal
B.8 Preprocessor
Appendix C
ANSI C Compared to Traditional C
C.1 Types
C.2 Constants
C.3 Declarations
C.4 Initializations
C.5 Expressions
C.6 Functions
C.7 Conversions
C.8 Array Pointers
C.9 Structures and Unions
C.10 Preprocessor
C.11 Header Files
C.12 Miscellaneous
Appendix D
ASCII Character Codes
Appendix E
Operator Precedence and Associativity
Index

.　　Advanced Applications. We discuss a number of advanced applications in Chapter 12,"Advanced Applications." We present topics such as creating concurrent processes,overlaying a process, interprocess communication, and signals, along with working code. Also, we discuss the dynamic allocation of vectors and matrices for engineers and scientists. These advanced topics can be used selectively according to the needs of the audience: They could form the basis for an excellent second course in programming practice. This book can be used, too, as an auxihary text in advanced computer science courses that employ C as their implementation language.Tables, Summaries, and Exercises. Throughout the book are many tables and lists that succinctly summarize key ideas. These tables aid and test language comprehension. For example, C is very rich in operators and allows almost any useful combination of operator mix. It is essential to understand order of evaluation and association of each of these operators separately and in combination. These points are illustrated in tables throughout the text. As a reference tool, the tables and code are easily looked up.
　　 The exercises test elementary features of the language and discuss advanced and system-dependent features. Many exercises are oriented to problem solving, others test the reader's syntactic or Semantic understanding of C. Some exercises include a tutorial discussion that is tangential to the text but may be of special interest to certain readers.The exercises offer the instructor all levels of question, so as to allow assignments suitable to the audience.