基本信息
- 原书名：Simulation Modeling and Analysis
- 原出版社： McGraw-Hill
- 作者： Averill M.Law & W.David Kelton
- 丛书名： 国际知名大学原版教材系列丛书
- 出版社：清华大学出版社
- ISBN：7302041326
- 上架时间：2001-2-6
- 出版日期：2000 年12月
- 页码：784
- 版次：3-1
- 所属分类：计算机 > 计算机控制与仿真 > 仿真语言
教材 > 计算机教材 > 高职高专 > 计算机高职高专其他教材
内容简介
书籍
计算机书籍
本书是美国多所知名大学仿真类课程普遍采用的教材，也是该领域研究人员的一本必备参考书。
该书(第三版)分为13章。从体系结构上可分为四部分。第一部分(第1—3章)从系统角度介绍了离散事件系统仿真的概念、建模方法以及实现技术(商用仿真软件)，使读者不但对这类系统的仿真建模有一个总体了解，并从应用角度掌握这门技术。为使读者深入系统地理解与掌握离散事件系统仿真技术，第二部分(第4—8章)讨论离散事件系统仿真建模的基础理论和方法，包括数学基础(概率与数理统计)，如何由观测数据确定随机变量模型，如何产生仿真模型中的随机变量等。离散事件系统仿真输出分析一直是该书的最具特色的内容，这反映在第三部分(第9—12章)。由于离散事件系统的随机性，任何一次仿真运行只是随机系统随机动态过程的一次模拟。该部分首先讨论了所谓“单系统”的输出数据分析，然后讨论了所谓“多系统”的分析比较技术，进而讨论就该类系统仿真的实验设计技术。第四部分(第13章)是综合应用，以制造系统为例，讨论如何将前面各章讨论的内容用于制造系统的仿真。
计算机书籍
本书是美国多所知名大学仿真类课程普遍采用的教材，也是该领域研究人员的一本必备参考书。
该书(第三版)分为13章。从体系结构上可分为四部分。第一部分(第1—3章)从系统角度介绍了离散事件系统仿真的概念、建模方法以及实现技术(商用仿真软件)，使读者不但对这类系统的仿真建模有一个总体了解，并从应用角度掌握这门技术。为使读者深入系统地理解与掌握离散事件系统仿真技术，第二部分(第4—8章)讨论离散事件系统仿真建模的基础理论和方法，包括数学基础(概率与数理统计)，如何由观测数据确定随机变量模型，如何产生仿真模型中的随机变量等。离散事件系统仿真输出分析一直是该书的最具特色的内容，这反映在第三部分(第9—12章)。由于离散事件系统的随机性，任何一次仿真运行只是随机系统随机动态过程的一次模拟。该部分首先讨论了所谓“单系统”的输出数据分析，然后讨论了所谓“多系统”的分析比较技术，进而讨论就该类系统仿真的实验设计技术。第四部分(第13章)是综合应用，以制造系统为例，讨论如何将前面各章讨论的内容用于制造系统的仿真。
目录
List of Symbols
Preface
Chapter l Basic Simulation Modeling
1.1 The Nature of Simulation
1.2 Systems, Models, and Simulation
l.3 Discrete-Event Simulation
l.3.1 Time-Advance Mechanisms
1.3.2 Components and Organization of a Discrete-Event Simulation Model
1.4 Simulation of a Single-Server Queueing System
1.4. I Problem Statement
1.4.2 Intuitive Explanation
1.4.3 Program Organization and Logic
1.4.4 FORTRAN Program
1.4.5 C Program
1.4.6 Simulation Output and Discussion
1.4.7 Altemative Stopping Rules
l.4.8 Determining the Events and Variables
1.5 Simulation of an Inventory System
l.5. I Problem Statement
l.5.2 Program Organization and Logic
Preface
Chapter l Basic Simulation Modeling
1.1 The Nature of Simulation
1.2 Systems, Models, and Simulation
l.3 Discrete-Event Simulation
l.3.1 Time-Advance Mechanisms
1.3.2 Components and Organization of a Discrete-Event Simulation Model
1.4 Simulation of a Single-Server Queueing System
1.4. I Problem Statement
1.4.2 Intuitive Explanation
1.4.3 Program Organization and Logic
1.4.4 FORTRAN Program
1.4.5 C Program
1.4.6 Simulation Output and Discussion
1.4.7 Altemative Stopping Rules
l.4.8 Determining the Events and Variables
1.5 Simulation of an Inventory System
l.5. I Problem Statement
l.5.2 Program Organization and Logic
前言
The goal of this third edition of Sinzulation hlodellng and Analysis remains the same as for the first two editions: To give a comprehensive and state-of-the-art treatment of all the imponant aspects of a simulation study, including modeling, simulation software, model verification and validation, input modeling, random-number generators, generating random variates and processes, statistical design and analysis of simulation experiments, and to highlight major application areas such as manufacturing. The book strives to motivate intuition about simulation and modeling, as well as to present them in a technically correct yet clear manner. There are many examples and problems throughout, as well as extensive references to the simulation and related literature for funher study.
The book can serve as the primary text for a variety of courses; for example:
A first course in simulation at the junior, senior, or beginning-graduate-student level in engineering, manufacturing, business, or computer science (Chaps.l through 4, and parts of Chaps. 5 through 9). At the end of such a course, the student will be prepared to carry out complete and effective simulation studies, and to take advanced simulation courses.
A second course in simulation for graduate students in any of the above disciplines (most of Chaps. 5 through 12). After completing this course, the student should be familiar with the more advanced methodological issues involved in a simulation study, and should be prepared to understand and conduct simulation research.
An introduction to simulation as part of a general course in operations research or management science (pans of Chaps. 1,3,5,6,and 9).
For instnlctors who have adopted the book for use in a course, we have made available for download from the web site http://www.mhhe.comnawkelton a variety of teaching suppon materials. These include a comprehensive set of solutions to the Problems, lecture slides, and all the computer code (including all the simulation models) in the book. Adopting instnlctors should contact their local McGraw-Hill representative for login identification and a password to gain access to the material on this site; local representatives can be identified by calling l-800-338-3987, sending e-mail to mhcom@mcgraw-hill.com, or by the representative locator at http://www.mhhe.com.
The book pan also serve as a definitive reference for simulation practitioners and researchers. To this end we have included detailed discussion of many practical examples gleaned in paH from our own experiences and applications. We have also made major effons to link subjects to the relevant research literature, both in print and on the web, and to keep this nlaterial up to date.
Prerequisites for understanding the book are knowledge of basic calculus-based probability and statistics (though we give a review of these topics in Chap. 4), and some experience with computing. For Chaps. l and 2 the reader should also be familiar with a general-purpose programming language like FORTRAN or C. Occasionally we will also make use of a small amount of linear algebra or matrix theory. More advanced or technically difficult material is in starred sections or in appendixes to chapters. At the beginning of each chapter we suggest sections for a first reading of that chapter.
We h'ave made many changes and additions to (and some deletions from) the second edition of the book to anive at this third edition, but the organization has remained the same, as has the basic outline and numbering of the chapters. Following cuoent practice in programming languages,. we have deleted Pascal from Chap. l (though' the Pascal code remains available for download from http://www.mhhe.comflawkelton), which now contains FORTRAN 77 and C; we have also moved the code in Chap. 2 from FORTRAN 77 to C (again, the older PORTRAN 77 programs are on the above web site), with the help of Dr. Gregory Glockner's C version of the original FORTRAN SIMLIB code from the first two editions of this book, on which our C version of simlib in Chap. 2 is based. Because simolation software has made great advances since the second edition, Chap. 3 has been completely rewritten to make it current. Since Chap. 4 is basic backgfound on probability and statistics, it is largely unchanged. The practice of model validation has improved markedly, and so Chap. 5 has been extensively rewritten and updated to reaect this. For Ch. ap. 6 on input modeling, we have introduced some im. ponant new distributions, included discussion of recent deve}opments in modeling and estimating conelated stnlctures and processes, as well as discussed othe'r recent research. New and greatly improved random-number generators are discossed in Chap. 7, and code is given (and can be downloaded from the web site). We have updated the material in Chap. 8 on variate and process generation, including. recent work on generating comelated structures and processes conesponding to their specification as discussed in Chap. 6. The statistical design-and-analysis methods of Chaps. 9 through 12 have been expanded and updated to reHect cunent practice and recent research, including a much-enhanced discussion of optimizing simulation models in Chap. 12. The discussion of simulating manufacturing systems in Chap. 13 has been brought up to date in terms of cuHent practice and new software. Unlike the first two editions, we have collected the references for all the chapters to- gether at the end of the book, to make this material more compact and convenient to the reader; we have a3so listed with each reference the page number(s) in the book on which each reference item is cited, to aid the reader in identifying potentially helpful linkages between topics in different pans of the book (and to eliminate the need for a separate author index). A large and thorough subject index enhances the book's value as a reference.
Going back over 20 years ago to our beginning work on the first edition of this book, and coming right up to the present day with our effons on this third edition, there have been many, many talented and generous people and suppoHive organizations who have provided significant (sometimes essential) help to us in writing, rewriting, and maintaining this book. Especially fo preparation of this third edition, we are deeply grateful to Mr. Michael G. McComas ofAverill M. Law & Associates for his invaluable input to many different aspects of the book, including modeling, analysis, research, computing, and reading our sometimes-very-rough drafts. Sub stantial and valuable suppon for preparation of this edition, and of earlier editions, has come from the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, the University, of Cincinnati's DepaHment of Quantitative Analysis and Operations Management, the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, the Office of Naval Research, and the Army Research Office's funding of the Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin. The reviewers for this edition, Ken Bauer (Air Force Institute of Technology), Jeff Cochran (Arizona State University), Dave Goldsman (Georgia Tech), and Mansooreh Mollaghasemi (University of Central Florida), provided-extremely helpful and in-depth feedback on our plans and drafts, which greatly strengthened both content and exposition; this added to the already-valuable r-eviews of earlier editions done by Osman Balci (Virginia Tech), Wafik Iskander (West Virginia University), BaHy Nelson (NoHhwestem University), James Riggs (deceased), Pirooz Vakilli (Boston University), and Frank Wolf (Westem Michigan University). Knowing that we will ceHainly inadvenently commit grievous emors of omission, we would nonetheless like to thank the following individuals for their help in various ways: Kaushik Balakrishnan, Russ Banon, Aarti Bhate-Felsheim, Bili Biles, Diane Bischak, Eberhard Blflmel, Jason Boesel, Dan Brunner, Jeff Camm, Mame Cario, John Carson, John Chames, Jack Chen, Russell Cheng, Youngsoo Chun, Bob Crain, Bob Diamond, Ed Dudewicz, Ceorge Fishman, Paul Fishw-ick, Ben Fox, Mike Fu, Richard Fujimoto, Fred Glover, Jorge Haddock, Phil Heidelberger, Jim Henriksen, Sheldon Jacobson, Mark Johnson, Doug Jones, Peter Kalish, Jim Kelly, Steve Kimbrough, Jack Kleijnen, aary Kochenberger, Lloyd Koenig, Manuel Laguna, Steve Lavenberg, Piene L'Ecuyer, Marty Levy, Peter Lorenz, Herb Morgan, Doug Monice, Joe Munay, Dick Nance, David Nicol, Bill Nordgren, David Norman, Jean O'Reilly, Jim Palmer, Dennis Pegden, Tyler Phillips, Alan Pritsker, John Ramberg, lan Rawles, Chuck Reilly, Steve RobeHs, Ralph Rogers, Ed RusseU, Deb Sadowski, Randy Sadowski, Safi Safizadeh, Paul San-chez, Susan Sanchez, Bob Sargent, Bnlce Schmeiser, Tom Schriber, Lee Schruben, Thomas Schulze, Murali Shanker, Bob Shannon, Marlene Smith, Karen Stanlev. Dave Stumock, Jim Swain, Mike Taaffe, Laurel Travis, Kerim Tumay, Brian Unger, Willem Van Groenendaal, Thomas Varley, Ed Watson, Peter Welch, Jinl Wilson, Brian Wood, Simone Youngblood, and Enver Yficesan.
Averill M. Law
W. David Kelton
The book can serve as the primary text for a variety of courses; for example:
A first course in simulation at the junior, senior, or beginning-graduate-student level in engineering, manufacturing, business, or computer science (Chaps.l through 4, and parts of Chaps. 5 through 9). At the end of such a course, the student will be prepared to carry out complete and effective simulation studies, and to take advanced simulation courses.
A second course in simulation for graduate students in any of the above disciplines (most of Chaps. 5 through 12). After completing this course, the student should be familiar with the more advanced methodological issues involved in a simulation study, and should be prepared to understand and conduct simulation research.
An introduction to simulation as part of a general course in operations research or management science (pans of Chaps. 1,3,5,6,and 9).
For instnlctors who have adopted the book for use in a course, we have made available for download from the web site http://www.mhhe.comnawkelton a variety of teaching suppon materials. These include a comprehensive set of solutions to the Problems, lecture slides, and all the computer code (including all the simulation models) in the book. Adopting instnlctors should contact their local McGraw-Hill representative for login identification and a password to gain access to the material on this site; local representatives can be identified by calling l-800-338-3987, sending e-mail to mhcom@mcgraw-hill.com, or by the representative locator at http://www.mhhe.com.
The book pan also serve as a definitive reference for simulation practitioners and researchers. To this end we have included detailed discussion of many practical examples gleaned in paH from our own experiences and applications. We have also made major effons to link subjects to the relevant research literature, both in print and on the web, and to keep this nlaterial up to date.
Prerequisites for understanding the book are knowledge of basic calculus-based probability and statistics (though we give a review of these topics in Chap. 4), and some experience with computing. For Chaps. l and 2 the reader should also be familiar with a general-purpose programming language like FORTRAN or C. Occasionally we will also make use of a small amount of linear algebra or matrix theory. More advanced or technically difficult material is in starred sections or in appendixes to chapters. At the beginning of each chapter we suggest sections for a first reading of that chapter.
We h'ave made many changes and additions to (and some deletions from) the second edition of the book to anive at this third edition, but the organization has remained the same, as has the basic outline and numbering of the chapters. Following cuoent practice in programming languages,. we have deleted Pascal from Chap. l (though' the Pascal code remains available for download from http://www.mhhe.comflawkelton), which now contains FORTRAN 77 and C; we have also moved the code in Chap. 2 from FORTRAN 77 to C (again, the older PORTRAN 77 programs are on the above web site), with the help of Dr. Gregory Glockner's C version of the original FORTRAN SIMLIB code from the first two editions of this book, on which our C version of simlib in Chap. 2 is based. Because simolation software has made great advances since the second edition, Chap. 3 has been completely rewritten to make it current. Since Chap. 4 is basic backgfound on probability and statistics, it is largely unchanged. The practice of model validation has improved markedly, and so Chap. 5 has been extensively rewritten and updated to reaect this. For Ch. ap. 6 on input modeling, we have introduced some im. ponant new distributions, included discussion of recent deve}opments in modeling and estimating conelated stnlctures and processes, as well as discussed othe'r recent research. New and greatly improved random-number generators are discossed in Chap. 7, and code is given (and can be downloaded from the web site). We have updated the material in Chap. 8 on variate and process generation, including. recent work on generating comelated structures and processes conesponding to their specification as discussed in Chap. 6. The statistical design-and-analysis methods of Chaps. 9 through 12 have been expanded and updated to reHect cunent practice and recent research, including a much-enhanced discussion of optimizing simulation models in Chap. 12. The discussion of simulating manufacturing systems in Chap. 13 has been brought up to date in terms of cuHent practice and new software. Unlike the first two editions, we have collected the references for all the chapters to- gether at the end of the book, to make this material more compact and convenient to the reader; we have a3so listed with each reference the page number(s) in the book on which each reference item is cited, to aid the reader in identifying potentially helpful linkages between topics in different pans of the book (and to eliminate the need for a separate author index). A large and thorough subject index enhances the book's value as a reference.
Going back over 20 years ago to our beginning work on the first edition of this book, and coming right up to the present day with our effons on this third edition, there have been many, many talented and generous people and suppoHive organizations who have provided significant (sometimes essential) help to us in writing, rewriting, and maintaining this book. Especially fo preparation of this third edition, we are deeply grateful to Mr. Michael G. McComas ofAverill M. Law & Associates for his invaluable input to many different aspects of the book, including modeling, analysis, research, computing, and reading our sometimes-very-rough drafts. Sub stantial and valuable suppon for preparation of this edition, and of earlier editions, has come from the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, the University, of Cincinnati's DepaHment of Quantitative Analysis and Operations Management, the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, the Office of Naval Research, and the Army Research Office's funding of the Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin. The reviewers for this edition, Ken Bauer (Air Force Institute of Technology), Jeff Cochran (Arizona State University), Dave Goldsman (Georgia Tech), and Mansooreh Mollaghasemi (University of Central Florida), provided-extremely helpful and in-depth feedback on our plans and drafts, which greatly strengthened both content and exposition; this added to the already-valuable r-eviews of earlier editions done by Osman Balci (Virginia Tech), Wafik Iskander (West Virginia University), BaHy Nelson (NoHhwestem University), James Riggs (deceased), Pirooz Vakilli (Boston University), and Frank Wolf (Westem Michigan University). Knowing that we will ceHainly inadvenently commit grievous emors of omission, we would nonetheless like to thank the following individuals for their help in various ways: Kaushik Balakrishnan, Russ Banon, Aarti Bhate-Felsheim, Bili Biles, Diane Bischak, Eberhard Blflmel, Jason Boesel, Dan Brunner, Jeff Camm, Mame Cario, John Carson, John Chames, Jack Chen, Russell Cheng, Youngsoo Chun, Bob Crain, Bob Diamond, Ed Dudewicz, Ceorge Fishman, Paul Fishw-ick, Ben Fox, Mike Fu, Richard Fujimoto, Fred Glover, Jorge Haddock, Phil Heidelberger, Jim Henriksen, Sheldon Jacobson, Mark Johnson, Doug Jones, Peter Kalish, Jim Kelly, Steve Kimbrough, Jack Kleijnen, aary Kochenberger, Lloyd Koenig, Manuel Laguna, Steve Lavenberg, Piene L'Ecuyer, Marty Levy, Peter Lorenz, Herb Morgan, Doug Monice, Joe Munay, Dick Nance, David Nicol, Bill Nordgren, David Norman, Jean O'Reilly, Jim Palmer, Dennis Pegden, Tyler Phillips, Alan Pritsker, John Ramberg, lan Rawles, Chuck Reilly, Steve RobeHs, Ralph Rogers, Ed RusseU, Deb Sadowski, Randy Sadowski, Safi Safizadeh, Paul San-chez, Susan Sanchez, Bob Sargent, Bnlce Schmeiser, Tom Schriber, Lee Schruben, Thomas Schulze, Murali Shanker, Bob Shannon, Marlene Smith, Karen Stanlev. Dave Stumock, Jim Swain, Mike Taaffe, Laurel Travis, Kerim Tumay, Brian Unger, Willem Van Groenendaal, Thomas Varley, Ed Watson, Peter Welch, Jinl Wilson, Brian Wood, Simone Youngblood, and Enver Yficesan.
Averill M. Law
W. David Kelton
序言
凡是从事离散事件系统仿真的人员对Averill M．Law与W．David Kelton合著的“Sinldation Modeling and Analyis”一书应该不会陌生。该书从1982年第一版问世以来，随着计算机技术与份真技术的发展，不断修订发行。继1991年第二版发行，9年后即2000年第三版又由McGmw—Hi11 Higher Education正式发行。
由于每一版都是在前一版基础上的进一步完善与扩充，都有反映最新成果的内容，因而始终吸引着该领域的读者。据我从美国同行了解，该书是美国许多大学相关课程教学的主要参考书之一，也是进入该领域的研究人员最畅销的自学教材之一。
该书(第三版)分为13章。从体系结构上可分为四部分。第一部分(第1—3章)从系统角度介绍了离散事件系统仿真的概念、建模方法以及实现技术(商用仿真软件)，使读者不但对这类系统的仿真建模有一个总体了解，并从应用角度掌握这门技术。为使读者深入系统地理解与掌握离散事件系统仿真技术，第二部分(第4—8章)讨论离散事件系统仿真建模的基础理论和方法，包括数学基础(概率与数理统计)，如何由观测数据确定随机变量模型，如何产生仿真模型中的随机变量等。离散事件系统仿真输出分析一直是该书的最具特色的内容，这反映在第三部分(第9—12章)。由于离散事件系统的随机性，任何一次仿真运行只是随机系统随机动态过程的一次模拟。该部分首先讨论了所谓“单系统”的输出数据分析，然后讨论了所谓“多系统”的分析比较技术，进而讨论就该类系统仿真的实验设计技术。第四部分(第13章)是综合应用，以制造系统为例，讨论如何将前面各章讨论的内容用于制造系统的仿真。
该书的主要特点是：
(1)通用：与许多其他类似的书籍不同，该书着眼于离散事件系统仿真的原理、方法学的阐述，而不依赖于某一种商业化的仿真软件，因此适宜于作为教材使用。
(2)体系结构合理：该书从基本概念出发，通过实际例子加以阐述与讨论，由浅入深，逐渐展开，符合认识规律。在每一章，书中明确哪些是基本的，哪些是需进一步掌握的，便于读者选择。
(3)内容丰富、详略适宜：对于基本概念、方法、技术，力求深入3对最新的技术发展，则着眼于方向性说明。
(4)富有特色：如前所述，离散事件系统仿真输出分析技术是该书最具特色的部分，作者将该领域的各类问题从理论、方法、技术以及实验进行了系统的介绍，而这是离散事件系统仿真与连续系统仿真技术的主要区别之一，往往也是一般读者易于进入的误区。
(5)适于教学与自学：每章内容有大量的例题，且均附有大量的练习题，这对于教学及学生理解与掌握是非常必要而重要的。
较之第一、第二版，第三版不但从章节伪编排、内容的组织方面作了较大的调整，而且新增加了不少内容，如并行仿真、分布式仿真、跨因特网基于Web的仿真，在模型的校验(verification)、致效(validation)、致信(credible)、方差减少技术(varimce reduction)等方面都有不少新的研究成果充实到该版中。
肖田元
清华大学自动化系
2000年10月
由于每一版都是在前一版基础上的进一步完善与扩充，都有反映最新成果的内容，因而始终吸引着该领域的读者。据我从美国同行了解，该书是美国许多大学相关课程教学的主要参考书之一，也是进入该领域的研究人员最畅销的自学教材之一。
该书(第三版)分为13章。从体系结构上可分为四部分。第一部分(第1—3章)从系统角度介绍了离散事件系统仿真的概念、建模方法以及实现技术(商用仿真软件)，使读者不但对这类系统的仿真建模有一个总体了解，并从应用角度掌握这门技术。为使读者深入系统地理解与掌握离散事件系统仿真技术，第二部分(第4—8章)讨论离散事件系统仿真建模的基础理论和方法，包括数学基础(概率与数理统计)，如何由观测数据确定随机变量模型，如何产生仿真模型中的随机变量等。离散事件系统仿真输出分析一直是该书的最具特色的内容，这反映在第三部分(第9—12章)。由于离散事件系统的随机性，任何一次仿真运行只是随机系统随机动态过程的一次模拟。该部分首先讨论了所谓“单系统”的输出数据分析，然后讨论了所谓“多系统”的分析比较技术，进而讨论就该类系统仿真的实验设计技术。第四部分(第13章)是综合应用，以制造系统为例，讨论如何将前面各章讨论的内容用于制造系统的仿真。
该书的主要特点是：
(1)通用：与许多其他类似的书籍不同，该书着眼于离散事件系统仿真的原理、方法学的阐述，而不依赖于某一种商业化的仿真软件，因此适宜于作为教材使用。
(2)体系结构合理：该书从基本概念出发，通过实际例子加以阐述与讨论，由浅入深，逐渐展开，符合认识规律。在每一章，书中明确哪些是基本的，哪些是需进一步掌握的，便于读者选择。
(3)内容丰富、详略适宜：对于基本概念、方法、技术，力求深入3对最新的技术发展，则着眼于方向性说明。
(4)富有特色：如前所述，离散事件系统仿真输出分析技术是该书最具特色的部分，作者将该领域的各类问题从理论、方法、技术以及实验进行了系统的介绍，而这是离散事件系统仿真与连续系统仿真技术的主要区别之一，往往也是一般读者易于进入的误区。
(5)适于教学与自学：每章内容有大量的例题，且均附有大量的练习题，这对于教学及学生理解与掌握是非常必要而重要的。
较之第一、第二版，第三版不但从章节伪编排、内容的组织方面作了较大的调整，而且新增加了不少内容，如并行仿真、分布式仿真、跨因特网基于Web的仿真，在模型的校验(verification)、致效(validation)、致信(credible)、方差减少技术(varimce reduction)等方面都有不少新的研究成果充实到该版中。
肖田元
清华大学自动化系
2000年10月
