Java编程语言（第三版 影印版）

.1.11.3 type casting
1.12 interfaces
1.13 exceptions
1.14 packages
1.15 the java platform
1.16 other topics briefly noted
2 classes and objects
2.1 a simple class
2.1.1 classs members
2.1.2 class modifiers
2.2 fields
2.2.1 field initialization
2.2.2 static fields
2.2.3 final fields
2.3 access control
2.4 creating objects
2.5 construction and initialization
2.5.1 constructors
2.5.2 initialization blocks
2.5.3 static initialization
2.6 methods
2.6.1 static methods
2.6.2 method invocations
2.6.3 method execution and return
2.6.4 parameter values
2.6.5 using methods to control access
2.7 this
2.8 overloading methods
2.9 the main method
2.10 native methods
3 extending classes
3.1 an extended class
3.2 constructors in extended classes
3.2.1 constructor order dependencies
3.3 inheriting and redefining members
3.3.1 overriding
3.3.2 hiding fields
3.3.3 accessing inherited members
3.3.4 accessibility and overriding
3.3.5 hiding static members
3.3.6 the super keyword
3.4 type compatibility and conversion
3.4.1 compatibility
3.4.2 explicit type casting
3.4.3 testing for type
3.5 what protected really means
3.6 marking methods and classes final
3.7 abstract classes and methods
3.8 the object class
3.9 cloning objects
3.9.1 strategies for cloning
3.9.2 correct cloning
3.9.3 shallow versus deep cloning
3.10 extending classes:how and when
3.11 designing a class to be extended
3.11.1 designing an extensible framework
3.12 single inheritance versus multiple inheritance
4 interfaces
4.1 a simple interface example
4.2 interface declarations
4.2.1 interface constants
4.2.2 interface methods
4.2.3 interface modifiers
4.3 extending interfaces
4.3.1 inheriting and hiding constants
4.3.2 inheriting,overriding,and overloading methods
4.4 working with interfaces
4.4.1 implementing interfaces
4.4.2 using an implementation
4.5 marker interfaces
4.6 when to use interfaces
5 nested classes and interfaces
5.1 static nested types
5.1.1 static nested classes
5.1.2 nested interfaces
5.2 inner classes
5.2.1 accessing enclosing objects
5.2.2 extending inner classes
5.2.3 inheritance,scoping,and hiding
5.3 local inner classes
5.4 anonymous inner classes
5.5 inheriting nested types
5.6 nesting in interfaces
5.6.1 modifiable variables in interfaces
5.7 implementation of nested types
6 tokens,operators,and expressions
6.1 lexical elements
6.1.1 character set
6.1.2 comments
6.1.3 tokens
6.1.4 identifiers
6.1.5 keywords
6.2 types and literals
6.2.1 reference literals
6.2.2 boolean literals
6.2.3 character literals
6.2.4 integer literals
6.2.5 floating-point literals
6.2.6 string literals
6.2.7 class literals
6.3 variables
6.3.1 field and local variable declarations
6.3.2 parameter variables
6.3.3 final variables
6.4 array variables
6.4.1 array modifiers
6.4.2 arrays of arrays
6.4.3 array initialization
6.4.4 arrays and types
6.5 the matnings of names
6.6 arithmetic operations
6.6.1 integer arithmetic
6.6.2 floating-point arithmetic
6.6.3 strict and non-strict floating-point arithmetic
6.7 general operators
6.7.1 increment and decrement operators
6.7.2 relational and equality operators
6.7.3 logical operators
6.7.4 instanceof
6.7.5 bit manipulation operators
6.7.6 the conditional operator?:
6.7.7 assignment zoperators
6.7.8 string concatenation operator
6.7.9 new
6.8 expressions
6.8.1 order of evaluation
6.8.2 expression type
6.8.3 implicit type conversions
6.8.4 explicit type casts
6.8.5 string conversions
6.9 member access
6.9.1 finding the right method
6.10 operator precedence and associativity
7 control flow
7.1 statements and blocks
7.2 if-else
7.3 switch
7.4 while and do-while
7.5 for
7.6 labels
7.7 break
7.8 continue
7.9 return
7.10 what no goto?
8 exceptions
8.1 creating exception types
8.2 throw
8.2.1 transfer of control
8.2.2 asynchronous exceptions
8.3 the throws clause
8.3.1 throws clauses and method overriding
8.3.2 throws clauses and native methods
8.4 try,catch,and finally
8.4.1 finally
8.5 when to use exceptions
9 strings
9.1 basic string operations
9.2 string comparisons
9.2.1 string literal equivalence
9.3 utility methods
9.4 making related strings
9.5 string conversions
9.6 strings and char arrays
9.7 strings and byte arrays
9.7.1 character encodings
9.8 the stringbuffer class
9.8.1 modifying the buffer
9.8.2 getting data out
9.8.3 capacity management
10 threads
10.1 creating threads
10.2 using runnable
10.3 synchronization
10.3.1 synchronized methods
10.3.2 static synchronized methods
10.3.3 synchronized statements
10.3.4 synchronization designs
10.4 wait,notifyall,and notify
10.5 details of waiting and notification
10.6 thread scheduling
10.6.1 voluntary rescheduling
10.7 deadlocks
10.8 ending thread execution
10.8.1 cancelling a thread
10.8.2 waiting for a thread to complete
10.9 ending application execution
10.10 volatile
10.11 thread management,security and threadgroup
10.12 threads and exceptions
10.12.1 don't stop
10.13 threadlocal variables
10.14 debugging threads
11 programming with types
11.1 wrapper classes
11.1.1 void
11.1.2 boolean
11.1.3 character
11.1.4 number
11.1.5 the integer wrappers
11.1.6 the floating-point wrapper classes
11.2 reflection
11.2.1 the class class
11.2.2 naming classes
11.2.3 examining class members
11.2.4 the modifier class
11.2.5 the field class
11.2.6 the method class
11.2.7 creating new objects and the constructor class
11.2.8 access checking and accessibleobject
11.2.9 arrays
11.2.10 packages
11.2.11 the proxy class
11.3 loading classes
11.3.1 the classloader class
11.3.2 preparing a class for use
11.3.3 loading related resources
12 garbage collection and memory
12.1 garbage collection
12.2 a simple model
12.3 fonalization
12.3.1 resurrecting objects during finalize
12.4 interacting with the garbage collector
12.5 reachability states and reference objects
12.5.1 the reference class
12.5.2 strengths of reference and reachability
12.5.3 reference queues
13 packages
13.1 package naming
13.2 type imports
13.3 package access
13.3.1 accessibility and overriding methods
13.4 package contents
13.5 package objects and specifications
14 documentation comments
14.1 the anatomy of a doc comment
14.2 tags
14.2.1 @see
14.2.2 {@link}
14.2.3 @param
14.2.4 @return
14.2.5 @throws and @exception
14.2.6 @deprecated
14.2.7 @author
14.2.8 @version
14.2.9 @since
14.2.10 {@docroot}
14.3 an example
14.4 external conventions
14.4.1 overview and package documentation
14.4.2 the doc-files directory
14.5 notes on usage
15 the i/o package
15.1 byte streams
15.1.1 inputstream
15.1.2 outputstream
15.2 character streams
15.2.1 rreader
15.2.2 writer
15.2.3 character streams and the standard streams
15.3 inputstreamreader and outputstreamwriter
15.4 a quick tour of the stream classes
15.4.1 synchronization and concurrency
15.4.2 filter streams
15.4.3 buffered streams
15.4.4 piped streams
15.4.5 bytearray byte streams
15.4.6 chararray character streams
15.4.7 string character streams
15.4.8 print streams
15.4.9 linenumberreader
15.4.10 sequenceinputstream
15.4.11 pushback streams
15.4.12 streamtokenizer
15.5 the data byte streams
15.5.1 datainput and dataoutput
15.5.2 the data stream classes
15.6 working with files
15.6.1 file streams and filedescriptor
15.6.2 randomaccessfile
15.6.3 the file class
15.6.4 filenamefilter and filefilter
15.7 object serialization
15.7.1 the object byte streams
15.7.2 making your classes serializable
15.7.3 serialization and deserialization order
15.7.4 customized serialization
15.7.5 object versioning
15.7.6 serialized fields
15.7.7 the externalizable interface
15.7.8 documentation comment tags
15.8 the ioexception classes
16 collections
16.1 collections
16.1.1 exception conventions
16.2 iteration
16.3 ordering using comparable and comparator
16.4 the collection interface
16.5 set and sortedset
16.5.1 hashset
16.5.2 treeset
16.6 list
16.6.1 arraylist
16.6.2 linkedlist
16.7 map and sortedmap
16.7.1 hashmap
16.7.2 treemap
16.7.3 weakhashmap
16.8 wrapped collections class
16.8.1 the synchronization wrappers
16.8.2 the unmodifiable wrappers
16.8.3 the collections utlities
16.9 the arrays utility class
16.10 writing iterator implementations
16.11 writing collection implementations
16.12 the leagcy collection types
16.12.1 enumeration
16.12.2 vector
16.12.3 stack
16.12.4 dictionary
16.12.5 hashtable
16.13 properties
17 miscellaneous utilities
17.1 bitset
17.2 observer/observable
17.3 random
17.4 stringtokenizer
17.5 timer and timertask
17.6 math and strictmath
18 system programming
18.1 the system class
18.1.1 standard i/o streams
18.1.2 system properties
18.1.3 utility methods
18.2 creating processes
18.2.1 the process class
18.2.2 process environments
18.2.3 portability
18.3 shutdown
18.3.1 shutdown hooks
18.3.2 the shutdown sequence
18.3.3 shutdown strategies
18.4 the rest of the runtime
18.4.1 loading native code
18.4.2 debugging
18.5 security
18.5.1 the securitymanager class
18.5.2 permissions
18.5.3 security policies
18.5.4 access controllers and privileged execution
19 internationalization and localization
19.1 locale
19.2 resoruce bundles
19.2.1 listresourcebundle
19.2.2 propertyresourcebundle
19.2.3 subclassing resourcebundle
19.3 time,dates,and calendars
19.3.1 calendars
19.3.2 time zones
19.3.3 gregoriancalendar and simpletimezone
19.4 formatting and parsing dates and times
19.5 internationalization and localization for text
19.5.1 collation
19.5.2 formatting and parsing
19.5.3 text boundaries
20 standard packages
20.1 java.awt-the abstract window toolkit
20.2 java.applet-applets
20.3 java.beans-components
20.4 java.math-mathematics
20.5 java.net-the network
20.6 java.rmi-remote method invocation
20.7 java.security-security tools
20.8 java.sql-relational database access
20.9 utility subpackages
20.9.1 archive files-java.util.jar
20.9.2 zip files-java.util.zip
20.10 javax.*-standard extensions
20.11 javax.accessibility-accessibility for guis
20.12 javax.naming-directory and naming services
20.13 javax.sound-sound manipulation
20.14 javax.swing-swing gui components
20.15 org.omg.corba-corba apis
a runtime exceptions
a.1 runtimeexception classes
a.2 error classes
b useful tables
table 1: keywords
table 2: operator precedence
table 3: unicode digits
table 4: unicode letters and digits
table 5: special characters using\
table 6: documentation comment tags
table 7: unicode character blocks
table 8: required character encodings
further reading
index

.　　Chapter ll—Programming with Types—describes the type-related classes: individual objects that describe each class and interface, and classes that wrap primitive data types such as integers and floating-point values into their own object types.
　　Chapter l2—Garbage Collection and Memory—talks about garbage collection, finalization, and lower-strength reference objects.
　　Chapter 13—Packages—describes how you can group collections of classes and interfaces into separat packages.
　　Chapter l4—Documentation Comments—shows how to write reference documentation in comments.
　　Chapters l5 through l9 cover the main packages. Chapter l5—The I/O Package—describes the input/output system, which is based on streams. Chapter 16—Collections—covers the collection or container classes such as sets and lists.
　　Chapter l7—Miscellaneous Utilitie-overs the rest of the utility classes such as bit sets and random number generation. Chapter 18—System Programming leads you through the system classes that provide access to features of the underlying platform. Chapter l9—Internationalization and Localization-covers some of the tools used to create programs that can run in many linguistic and cultural environments.
　　Chapter 20—Standard Packages—briefly explores the packages that are part of the standard platform, giving overviews of those packages not covered in more detail in this book.
　　Appendix A—Runtime Exceptions—lists all the runtime exceptions and errors that the runtime system itself can throw.
　　Appendix B—Usefol Table-as tables of information that you may find useful for quick reference.
　　Finally, Further Reading lists works that may be interesting for further reading on complete details, object orientation, programming with threads, software design, and other topics.
　　EXAMPLES AND DOCUMENTATION
　　All the code examples in the text have been compiled and run od the latest version of the language available at the time the book was written, which was the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, Version l.3. Only supported features are covered—deprecated types, methods, and fields are ignored except where unavoidable. We have also covered issues beyond writing programs that simply compile. Part of learning a language is to learn to use it well. For this reason, we have tried to show principles of good programming style and design.
　　In a few places we refer to online documentation. Development environments provide a way to automatically generate documentation (usually HTML documents) from a compiled class using the documentation comments. This documentation is normally viewed using a Web browser.
　　ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (FIRST EDITION)
　　No technical book-writing endeavor is an island unto itself, and ours was more like a continent. Many people contributed technical help, excellent reviews, useful information, and book-writing advice.
　　Contributing editor Henry McGilton of Trilithon Software played the role of “chief editorial firefighter” to help make this book possible. Series editor Lisa Friendly contributed dogged perseverance and support.
　　A veritable multitude of reviewers took time out of their otherwise busy lives to read, edit, advise, revise, and delete material, all in the name of making this a better book. Kevin Coyle performed one of the most detailed editorial reviews at all levels. Karen Bennet, Mike Burati, Patricia Giencke, Steve Gilliard, Bill Joy, Rosanna Lee, Jon Madison, Brian O'Neill, Sue Palmer Stephen Perelgut, R.Anders Schneiderman, Susan Sim, Bob Sproull, Guy Steele, Arthur van Hoff, Jim
　　Waldo, Greg Wilson, and Ann Wollrath provided in-depth review. Geoff Arnold, Tom Cargill, Chris Dark, Pat Finnegan, Mick Jordan, Doug Lea, Randall Murray, Roger Riggs, Jimmy Torres, Arthur van Hoff and Frank Yellin contributed useful comments and technical information at critical junctures.
　　Alka Deshpande, Sharon Flank, Nassim Fotouhi, Betsy Halstead, Kee Hinckley, Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, Patrick Martin, Paul Romagna, Susan Snyder and Nicole Yanklovich collaborated to make possible the five words of non-ISO-Latin-1 text on pages l40 and 406. Jim Arnold Provided research help on the proper spelling, usage, and etymology of "smoog" and "moorge." Ed Mooney
　　helped with the document preparation. Herb and Joy Kaiser were our Croatian language consultants. Cookie Callahan, Robert E. Pierce, and Rita Tavilla provided the support necessary to keep this project going at many moments when it would otherwise have stalled with a sputtering whimper.
　　Thanks to bo Polese for supplying us the capsule summary of why the Java Programming language is important to computer users as well as programmers.
　　Support and advice were provided at critical moments by Susan Jones, Bob Sproull, Jim Waldo, and Ann Wollrath. And we thank our families, who, besides their loving support, would at times drag us out to play when we should have been working, for which we are deeply grateful.
　　And thanks to the folks at Peet's Coffee and Tea, who kept us buzzed on the best Java on the planet.
　　ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (SECOND EDITION)
　　The cast of characters for this second edition is much like the first. Series Editor Lisa Friendly continued to be doggedly supportive and attentive. The set of reviewers was smaller, overlapping, and certainly as helpful and thorough. Overall reviews by Steve Byrne, Tom Cargill, Mary Dageforde, Tim Lindholm, and Rob Murray were critical to clarity. Brian Beck. Peter Jones, Doug Lea, Bryan O'Sullivan, Sue Palmer, Rosanna Lee, Lori Park, Mat Reinhold, Roger Riggs, Ann Wollrath, and Ken Zadek contributed focused reviews of important parts. Guy Steele's support was ongoing and warm. Rosemary Simpson's exten she and intensive efforts to make a useful index are deeply appreciated. Carla Carlson and Helen Leary gave logistic support that kept all the wheels on the tracks instead of in the ditch. Gerry Wiener provided the Tibetan word on page 406, and we also had help on this from Craig Preston and Takao Miyatani. All who submitted errata and suggestions from the first edition were helpful.
　　For some inexplicable reason we left the friendly folks of Addison-Wesley off the original acknowledgments—luckily, most of them were present again for this edition. A merged list for both editions includes Kate Duffy Rosa Gonzales, Mike Hendrickson, Marina Lang, Shannon Patti, Marty Rabinowitz, Sarah Weaver, and Pamela Yee. Others did much that we are blissfully unaware of but for which we are nonetheless abidingly grateful.
　　The revision was additionally aided by Josh Bloch, Joe Fialli, Jimmy Torres, Benjamin Renaud, Mark Reinhold, Jen Volpe, and Ann Wollrath. And Peet's Coffee and Tea continued its supporting role as Purveyor to the caffeine-consuming connoisseur.
　　ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (THIRD EDITION)
　　The third edition required yet more reviews and work, and the helper list is equally critical. Lisa Friendly continued her attempts to keep the Project in line; someday we will cooperate better. The set of reviewers included new faces and old friends, all helpful: Joshua Bloch, Joseph Bowbeer, Gilad Bracha, Keith Edwards, Joshua Engel, Rich Gillam, Peter Haggar Cay Horstmann, Alexander Kuzmin, Doug Lea, Keith Lea, Tim Lindholm, David Mendenhall, Andrew M.
　　Morgan, Ray Ortigas, Brian Preston, Mark Schuldenfrei, Peter Sparago, Guy Steele, Antoine Trux, and our Russian compatriots teonid Arbouzov, Vaiery Shakurov, Viatcheslav Rybalov, Eugene Latkin, Drnitri Khukhro, Konstantin Anisimov, Aiexei Kaigorodov, Oleg Oleinik, and Maxim Sokolnikov. Seveal People let us bend their ears to figure out how to approach things better: Peter
　　Jones, Robert W. Scheifler Susan Snyder, Guy Steele, Jimmy Torres, and Ann Wollrath. Helen Leary made the logistics work smoothly, as always.
　　Material support is always provided by the Addison-Wesley team: Julie DiNicola, Mike Hendrickson, and Tracy Russ.
　　And since the last edihon, Peet's Coffee and Tea has opened up on the East Coast, so the eastern part of this writing team can enjoy it regularty. The word continues to improve apace.
　　Any errors or shortcomings that remain in this book-despite the combined efforts of these myriads—are completely the responsibility of the authors. Results! Why,man, I have gotten a lot of results.
　　I know several thousand things that won 't work
　　 —Thomas Edison