语言与文化:翻译中的语境
基本信息
- 原书名:Language and Culture Contexts in Translating
内容简介回到顶部↑
本书由三个部分组成一是作者1993年在我社出版的Language, Culture and Translating一书的修订版;二是根据作者1999年在我 国10余所著名外语院校巡回讲学的讲稿整理而成的Contexts in Translating;三是作者近几年同我国记者、专家和朋友的部分谈话或 通信。在这部新著中,奈达博士从不同侧面分析了语言与文化的密 切联系,并进而从语境角度论述怎样处理翻译中的种种关系和问 题。此外,他还在科学与艺术、理论与实践以及改革翻译教学等问 题上阐明或重申了自己的观点。...
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本书提供作译者介绍
尤金·奈达(1914—):美国语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家。1943 年获语言学博士学位,然后长期在美国圣经 学会主持翻译部的工作。先后访问过90个 国家和地区,并著书立说,单独或合作出版 了40多部书,发表论文250余篇,是世界译坛的一位长青学者。...
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目录回到顶部↑
preface
preface to part one
1. paradoxes of translating
2. the functions and theories of language
3. the structures of language
4. the structures and meaning of lexemes
5. the structures and meaning of syntax
6. the structures and meaning of discourse
7. language and culture
8. functional equivalence
9. translation procedures
10. theories of translation
preface to part two
1. what is translating?
2. more about language and culture
3. words in context
4. relations between words
5. translating texts
6. representative treatments of translating
7. three major types of translation theories
preface to part one
1. paradoxes of translating
2. the functions and theories of language
3. the structures of language
4. the structures and meaning of lexemes
5. the structures and meaning of syntax
6. the structures and meaning of discourse
7. language and culture
8. functional equivalence
9. translation procedures
10. theories of translation
preface to part two
1. what is translating?
2. more about language and culture
3. words in context
4. relations between words
5. translating texts
6. representative treatments of translating
7. three major types of translation theories
前言回到顶部↑
著名语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家尤金·奈达博士于1914年 11月11日生于美国俄克拉何马市,1943年获密歇根大学语言学博 士学位,接着长期在美国圣经学会主持翻译部的工作,1980年退休 后任顾问。
奈达博土在美国和世界翻译界都有广泛的影响,是一位备受推 崇的“长青学者”(evergreen scholar)。这位学者具有两个方面的 特点:
第一、理论和实践相结合。他先后访问过近90个国家和地区, 进行翻译讲座,培训翻译人员,参加翻译学术研讨活动,指导翻译实 践与翻译教学,具有丰富的理论素养和实际经验。他单独与合作出 版了40多部书,发表论文250余篇。在有关翻译是技术/艺术还是 科学的问题上,他在本书的序言中重申了自己的观点,表明了他在 理论与实践关系上的正确立场。
第二、虚心学习,不断进取。尽管87岁高龄,但奈达博士老骥 伏枥,仍继续坚持研究、写作和外出讲学或参加学术会议,忙得不亦 乐乎。有的人退休后患“退休综合症”,他却说:“我要是早退休15 年才好!”奈达博士特别喜欢他的读者或听众向他提问,欢迎批评或 建议,不因为自己是知名学者就固执己见。这一点在本书中也有所 反映。
总的看来,奈达博士的翻译研究途径表现出从语言学到社会语 言学的特点,大体上可以分为三个时期:
从40年代到60年代初为第一个时期,重点在语言学,以分析词 语和句子结构为主题,主要作品有Morphology:The Descriptive Analysis of Words (1946), “The analysis of grammatical con- stituents”, Language (1948), A Synopsis of English Syntax (1960)等。
从60年代中期到70年代中期为第二个时期,重点研究“等效理 论”,代表作品有Toward a Science of Translating(1964),The Theory and Practice of Translation(1969)等。
从80年代初到现在为第三个时期,重点是从多学科角度研究 翻译,重要作品有Meaning Across Cultures(1981),Sign,Sense, and Translation (1983), Style and Discourse in Translating (1983), From One Language to Another (1986), Social Lin- guistics and Translating (1986), Understanding English (1997), The Sociolinguistics of Interlingual Communication (1999), Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating (2001)等。
本书由三部分组成:一是作者1993年在我社出版的《语言、文 化与翻译》(Language,Culture and Translating)一书的修订版; 二是根据作者1999年在中国10余所著名外语院校巡回讲学的讲稿 整理而成的《翻译中的语境》(Contexts in Translating);三是作者 近几年同中国记者、专家和朋友的部分谈话或通信。在这部新著 中,奈达博士从不同侧面分析了语言与文化的密切联系,并进而从 语境角度论述怎样处理翻译中的种种关系和问题。此外,他还在科 学与技术/艺术、理论与实践以及改进翻译教学等问题上阐明或重 申了自己的观点。这些不仅对我们正确地了解和研究奈达有重要 意义,对我国的整个翻译理论研究也有重要参考价值。
Combining two books into one publication may seem to be a strange way of presenting readers with strategic help about one of the most crucial activities in our present world, namely, interlin- gual communication, traditionally divided into translating and in- terpreting and studied as both a skill and a science. Effective translating and interpreting from one language to another is a highly developed skill and must be learned primarily as a skill by imitating the experience of proven experts. But the activity and the resulting texts produced by translators and interpreters can and should also be studied as a science, in the same way that any human activity can be analyzed scientifically.
The present volume is a combination of two complementary and supplementary books: Language, Culture and Translating, published in 1993 by the Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, and Contexts in Translating, being published by Ben- jamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The first book focuses pri- marily on the details of correspondences between languages while the second tries to provide help in understanding different scien- tific factors in interlingual communication. There is, accordingly, some overlapping, but this should be taken as reinforcement of basic concepts and not as contradictions. In fact, it may be partic- ularly useful to note how essentially the same language structures can be viewed from different functional perspectives.
One of the very important features of this book is the inter- views and letters that highlight the issues of practice in translating and of the underlying linguistic structures that make interlingual communication possible.
Eugene A. Nida
January, 2001
Preface to Part One
This book on Language, Culture, and Translating has its ori- gin in a series of lectures on translating given at the Shanghai In- ternational Studies University in the spring of 1989 and later that same year at the Maurice Thorez Institute of Languages and Translating in Moscow. The approach is essentially practical, al. though the principal theories of translating are discussed in Chap- ter 10.
This book has four main emphases: (1) the need to under- stand thoroughly the source text, (2) the close relation between language and culture, (3) the necessity to focus attention on style and discourse, and (4) the relevance of insights coming from sev- eral different disciplines.
Since a majority of failures in translating seemingly result from an inadequate understanding of the text in the source lan- guage, three chapters are given to a description of the crucial se- mantic and formal features of lexemes (words and idioms), syn- tax, and discourse. Unfortunately, many translators have only very hazy ideas about how languages are structured and how to ex- plore the meanings of words and combinations of words.
The role of language within a culture and the influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idioms are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background. Even though only one chapter is given to the specific subject of Language and Culture, there are constant references in other chapters to the relevance of culture both in understanding the source text and in representing the meaning in a target language-culture.
The significance of style and discourse and their role in asso- ciative (or connotative) meaning is a major concern of this book. Certain mistakes in terminology or grammar can be forgiven, but a failure to reflect the spirit and dynamic of a source document is a "mortal sin".
奈达博土在美国和世界翻译界都有广泛的影响,是一位备受推 崇的“长青学者”(evergreen scholar)。这位学者具有两个方面的 特点:
第一、理论和实践相结合。他先后访问过近90个国家和地区, 进行翻译讲座,培训翻译人员,参加翻译学术研讨活动,指导翻译实 践与翻译教学,具有丰富的理论素养和实际经验。他单独与合作出 版了40多部书,发表论文250余篇。在有关翻译是技术/艺术还是 科学的问题上,他在本书的序言中重申了自己的观点,表明了他在 理论与实践关系上的正确立场。
第二、虚心学习,不断进取。尽管87岁高龄,但奈达博士老骥 伏枥,仍继续坚持研究、写作和外出讲学或参加学术会议,忙得不亦 乐乎。有的人退休后患“退休综合症”,他却说:“我要是早退休15 年才好!”奈达博士特别喜欢他的读者或听众向他提问,欢迎批评或 建议,不因为自己是知名学者就固执己见。这一点在本书中也有所 反映。
总的看来,奈达博士的翻译研究途径表现出从语言学到社会语 言学的特点,大体上可以分为三个时期:
从40年代到60年代初为第一个时期,重点在语言学,以分析词 语和句子结构为主题,主要作品有Morphology:The Descriptive Analysis of Words (1946), “The analysis of grammatical con- stituents”, Language (1948), A Synopsis of English Syntax (1960)等。
从60年代中期到70年代中期为第二个时期,重点研究“等效理 论”,代表作品有Toward a Science of Translating(1964),The Theory and Practice of Translation(1969)等。
从80年代初到现在为第三个时期,重点是从多学科角度研究 翻译,重要作品有Meaning Across Cultures(1981),Sign,Sense, and Translation (1983), Style and Discourse in Translating (1983), From One Language to Another (1986), Social Lin- guistics and Translating (1986), Understanding English (1997), The Sociolinguistics of Interlingual Communication (1999), Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating (2001)等。
本书由三部分组成:一是作者1993年在我社出版的《语言、文 化与翻译》(Language,Culture and Translating)一书的修订版; 二是根据作者1999年在中国10余所著名外语院校巡回讲学的讲稿 整理而成的《翻译中的语境》(Contexts in Translating);三是作者 近几年同中国记者、专家和朋友的部分谈话或通信。在这部新著 中,奈达博士从不同侧面分析了语言与文化的密切联系,并进而从 语境角度论述怎样处理翻译中的种种关系和问题。此外,他还在科 学与技术/艺术、理论与实践以及改进翻译教学等问题上阐明或重 申了自己的观点。这些不仅对我们正确地了解和研究奈达有重要 意义,对我国的整个翻译理论研究也有重要参考价值。
Combining two books into one publication may seem to be a strange way of presenting readers with strategic help about one of the most crucial activities in our present world, namely, interlin- gual communication, traditionally divided into translating and in- terpreting and studied as both a skill and a science. Effective translating and interpreting from one language to another is a highly developed skill and must be learned primarily as a skill by imitating the experience of proven experts. But the activity and the resulting texts produced by translators and interpreters can and should also be studied as a science, in the same way that any human activity can be analyzed scientifically.
The present volume is a combination of two complementary and supplementary books: Language, Culture and Translating, published in 1993 by the Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, and Contexts in Translating, being published by Ben- jamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The first book focuses pri- marily on the details of correspondences between languages while the second tries to provide help in understanding different scien- tific factors in interlingual communication. There is, accordingly, some overlapping, but this should be taken as reinforcement of basic concepts and not as contradictions. In fact, it may be partic- ularly useful to note how essentially the same language structures can be viewed from different functional perspectives.
One of the very important features of this book is the inter- views and letters that highlight the issues of practice in translating and of the underlying linguistic structures that make interlingual communication possible.
Eugene A. Nida
January, 2001
Preface to Part One
This book on Language, Culture, and Translating has its ori- gin in a series of lectures on translating given at the Shanghai In- ternational Studies University in the spring of 1989 and later that same year at the Maurice Thorez Institute of Languages and Translating in Moscow. The approach is essentially practical, al. though the principal theories of translating are discussed in Chap- ter 10.
This book has four main emphases: (1) the need to under- stand thoroughly the source text, (2) the close relation between language and culture, (3) the necessity to focus attention on style and discourse, and (4) the relevance of insights coming from sev- eral different disciplines.
Since a majority of failures in translating seemingly result from an inadequate understanding of the text in the source lan- guage, three chapters are given to a description of the crucial se- mantic and formal features of lexemes (words and idioms), syn- tax, and discourse. Unfortunately, many translators have only very hazy ideas about how languages are structured and how to ex- plore the meanings of words and combinations of words.
The role of language within a culture and the influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idioms are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background. Even though only one chapter is given to the specific subject of Language and Culture, there are constant references in other chapters to the relevance of culture both in understanding the source text and in representing the meaning in a target language-culture.
The significance of style and discourse and their role in asso- ciative (or connotative) meaning is a major concern of this book. Certain mistakes in terminology or grammar can be forgiven, but a failure to reflect the spirit and dynamic of a source document is a "mortal sin".
序言回到顶部↑
上海外语教育出版社从成立以来一直是我国外语教育最优秀 的后勤部和侦调部。因为它不但为我国各个层次(尤其本科与研究 生层次)的外语教育提供了多种高水平的教材、教参和工具书,而且 还出版了多学科、多语种和多系列的中文版和外文版的学术著作, 比如“现代语言学丛书”、“牛津应用语言学丛书”、“美国文学史论译 丛”、“外国文学史丛书”、“剑桥文学指南丛书”、“当代英语语言学丛 书”以及列入国家及教育部规划的人文社科重点项目的外国语言文 学、文化等方面的图书等。为了适应我国现代化建设和教育改革的 需要,还出版了一批国际金融、对外贸易、涉外保险、国际经济法、国 际新闻和管理科学等方面的教材与专著。这些著作在外语的学科 建设与学术研究以及复合型人才培养等方面都在发挥着强有力的 侦察、调研和指导作用。这是外语界有口皆碑的。
随着中外文化交流的纵深发展以及我国现代化建设对人才的 需求,对比语言学和翻译学近些年来在我国有了较快的发展,最突 出的证据就是①外语类硕士博士点上研究对比与翻译方向的学生 在逐年迅速增多,而且我们的高校已经有了翻译学院和翻译系(当 然还太少)。②外语专业的学生考中文、法律等其他人文社科专业 的硕士、博士以及反方向的走向已经起步。这种跨学科的人才已成 为人才资源竞争的最主要对象,因此发展趋势定会看好。上海外语 教育出版社为适应这种高层次人才培养和新学科建设的需要,不但 积极出版国内关于对比研究和翻译研究的专著和论文集,最近又推 出了原版“国外翻译研究丛书”,这套丛书时间跨度从古代到现代, 所选书目皆为译学发展史上有里程碑作用的名家名著,堪称译学经 典。他们计划分批出版,以满足读者的需求。
这套丛书的出版首先可以解决国内翻译教学原版参考书多年 匮乏的困难,真可以说是我国翻译教学与理论研究的及时雨。我想 学习和关心这个学科的师生和其他人士定会对这套书的引进为之 欢呼,为之祝贺。
这套丛书的价值还在于能大大促进我国翻译学科建设的发展。 译学学科的发展依赖于研究者在三个方面的深入研究和结合。一 是对本国译学的继承性研究;二是对外国译学的借鉴性研究;三是 对翻译实践和翻译教学中新问题的探索性研究。只有这三者研究 深入并结合好了,才可能从经验与技巧逐步升华为具有科学性的译 学理论。这三个方面的研究,改革开放以来,在我国已取得了很显 著的成就,这是有目共睹的。翻译学在我国已于20世纪80年代末 有了独立学科的初级形态,90年代又有了新的发展,对学科的独立 性以及理论体系的结构与功能有了更多的探讨。依照学科建设的 规律和研究现状,我们尚需在上述三个方面加大研究力度,而这套 丛书就是借鉴性研究的主要资源。从这个角度讲,这套丛书的引进 也是我国文化基本建设的重要工程之一。
在新的世纪,文化(包括各类科学技术)会多方面快速深入人类 的日常生活,各国之间的交流会空前深广,因此翻译的功能会逐步 扩大,实用性翻译人才的需求量定会空前增加。这就要求我们除了 做好高层次研究型人才的培养以外,还应十分重视实用性人才的培 养和应用译学的研究。我想出版社一定会关注和引导译学建设的 理论研究与应用的发展趋势。
杨自俭
青岛海洋大学六三居室
2001年3月28日
随着中外文化交流的纵深发展以及我国现代化建设对人才的 需求,对比语言学和翻译学近些年来在我国有了较快的发展,最突 出的证据就是①外语类硕士博士点上研究对比与翻译方向的学生 在逐年迅速增多,而且我们的高校已经有了翻译学院和翻译系(当 然还太少)。②外语专业的学生考中文、法律等其他人文社科专业 的硕士、博士以及反方向的走向已经起步。这种跨学科的人才已成 为人才资源竞争的最主要对象,因此发展趋势定会看好。上海外语 教育出版社为适应这种高层次人才培养和新学科建设的需要,不但 积极出版国内关于对比研究和翻译研究的专著和论文集,最近又推 出了原版“国外翻译研究丛书”,这套丛书时间跨度从古代到现代, 所选书目皆为译学发展史上有里程碑作用的名家名著,堪称译学经 典。他们计划分批出版,以满足读者的需求。
这套丛书的出版首先可以解决国内翻译教学原版参考书多年 匮乏的困难,真可以说是我国翻译教学与理论研究的及时雨。我想 学习和关心这个学科的师生和其他人士定会对这套书的引进为之 欢呼,为之祝贺。
这套丛书的价值还在于能大大促进我国翻译学科建设的发展。 译学学科的发展依赖于研究者在三个方面的深入研究和结合。一 是对本国译学的继承性研究;二是对外国译学的借鉴性研究;三是 对翻译实践和翻译教学中新问题的探索性研究。只有这三者研究 深入并结合好了,才可能从经验与技巧逐步升华为具有科学性的译 学理论。这三个方面的研究,改革开放以来,在我国已取得了很显 著的成就,这是有目共睹的。翻译学在我国已于20世纪80年代末 有了独立学科的初级形态,90年代又有了新的发展,对学科的独立 性以及理论体系的结构与功能有了更多的探讨。依照学科建设的 规律和研究现状,我们尚需在上述三个方面加大研究力度,而这套 丛书就是借鉴性研究的主要资源。从这个角度讲,这套丛书的引进 也是我国文化基本建设的重要工程之一。
在新的世纪,文化(包括各类科学技术)会多方面快速深入人类 的日常生活,各国之间的交流会空前深广,因此翻译的功能会逐步 扩大,实用性翻译人才的需求量定会空前增加。这就要求我们除了 做好高层次研究型人才的培养以外,还应十分重视实用性人才的培 养和应用译学的研究。我想出版社一定会关注和引导译学建设的 理论研究与应用的发展趋势。
杨自俭
青岛海洋大学六三居室
2001年3月28日

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